Fanny Fern :: Sarah Willis Parton

For my third response paper I chose to expound on Fanny Fern. Sarah Willis Parton, her genuine name, was the lady who was perseverant and confided as far as she could tell and followed her heart to do what she thought was ideal. Because of her assurance she had the option to make huge accomplishments, â€Å"†¦one of the principal ladies in the United States to have her own paper segment, and for a considerable length of time, acclaimed as â€Å"Fanny Fern†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (806). She has composed numerous papers like Male Criticism, A Law More Nice Than Just and Fresh Leaves, etc†¦ While perusing a portion of her compositions I chose investigating a segment which she distributed in 1858, A Law More Nice Than Just. This is a volume that talks about Fanny Fern and her perspective on how men consider ladies and what are there responses. The first â€Å"attack† is that ladies are not permitted to wear pants, this is just an activity for men, â€Å"†¦Emma Wilson was captured yesterday for wearing man’s apparel† (810). Why, should men be the main ones to wear pants, when there should be uniformity for both genders. This is only that, a misogynist thought, since ladies have a similar right and that doesn't make them pretty much ladylike than the individuals who wear jeans, skirts or dresses constantly. Ladies are required to be throughout the day home pausing, for what? Who knows, just they know, since when they do go out they need to go up against the â€Å"†¦rainy-day altruists who are keen on the open investigation of female anatomy† (810). This is in no way, shape or form reasonable in light of the fact that when we come to see the ones who are increasingly steady and can say that they wear pants are the ladies on the grounds that in a similar model given before about the blustery days, ladies are the ones who need to endure all day every day to keep up a cheerful look with there skirts all loaded with mud and all wet while men have it simpler and are approaching that they are the autonomous kind. Fanny gives us her quality of psyche while needing to break limits. She won't bolster the way that men have everything made sense of. Be that as it may, since she is so savvy, she is a lady obviously, she chose to go out dressed as a man, with her spouses garments. She wore the entire arrangement of

Marriot Being a Marketer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriot Being a Marketer - Case Study Example The advertiser offers superb situating and division to the worldwide business substance. The advertiser uses a few promoting methodologies for his objective market and offers the perfect division for all the business endeavors far and wide. The advertiser gives more fixation on the buyer than some other component to make the business a triumph. He uses showcase inquires about too acquire input that is generally used in the arrangement of the best administrations inside the worldwide business. Key showcasing Issues Market explore Marriott uses statistical surveying to manage certain promoting issues or make upper hands towards its rivals. The global uses various strategies to gather data for advertise assessments. Guaging strategies Marriott uses disparate estimating procedures for various brands offered inside its business domain. Markets-Marriott is a business-to-shopper showcase since it involves customers and buyers of items without the aim of increasing any benefits from the offe red types of assistance. Market focusing on Marriott uses three systems in advertise focusing for its items. The three techniques are concentrated, separated and undifferentiated objective methodologies. Market situating Marriott has effectively situated its items in the musings of its shoppers by giving items that successfully address their wants. Situating has likewise helped Marriott in advertising division in a few different ways. Market division Marriott portions its market as needs be to suit all shoppers visiting its inns everywhere throughout the globe. Division has broadly done to amass shoppers as indicated by their necessities and inclinations. Individual Case Analysis Marriot case presents the fundamental and most basic ideas in the market systems. The case presents the troubles that an advertiser experiences to keep the business running. Market focusing on, division, and situating offer the advertiser with the best procedures to maintain the business. Marriott gets an i mmense piece of the overall industry by working on different nations around the world. Case Questions 1. How is Marriott fragmenting the market for inn administrations? Promoting division offers extraordinary or particular gatherings of customers with homogenous requirements and attributes (Shoba 1). Marriott has successfully fragmented the market into Marriott and Renaissance shoppers who bear unique inclinations. Renaissance clients introduced the inclination to open the windows up and look outside upon appearance in their introduced rooms. The clients who invested their energy inside the Marriott’s property demonstrated enthusiasm for undertaking different innovative exercises, for example, video conferencing. Marriott has reacted to this call through the organization of hardware, for example, the latest account and correspondence devices inside the gathering places. The property has made a connection with AT&T just as Cisco to give virtual gathering offices. Marriott has likewise introduced another section inside its brands that comprise of clients and business voyagers cognizant about the earth. Marriott has reacted to this portion through the improvement of model green inns. The inn brands bearing these green lodgings are intended to hold mutual spaces, and visitor’s room that are increasingly situated towards safeguarding water, and vitality than the prior forms. Marriott brand with the green inns targets working in biological system well disposed environs. The inns in this section offer cushions produced from reused paper and key cards created out of reused plastics. The achievers fill in as one more of the numerous sections that Marriott has created.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 5th, 2018

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 5th, 2018 Book Riot Deals is sponsored today by All the Women in My Family Sing: Women Write the World: Essays on Equality, Justice, and Freedom edited by Deborah Santana: Todays Featured Deals The Lady and the Unicorn by Tracy Chevalier for $1.99. Get it here, or just click the cover image below: The Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes for $1.99. Get it here, or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal Strange Weather by Joe Hill for $3.99. Get it here, or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. Daughter of the Pirate King by Tricia Levensell for $2.99. Doc by Mary Doria Russell for $1.99. On Beauty by Zadie Smith for $1.99. Year of Wonders by Geraldine Brooks for $1.99. Dear Martin by Nic Stone for $1.99. Binti by Nnedi Okorafor for $3.99. The Narrow Road to the Deep North by Richard Flanagan for $2.99. Goodbye, Vitamin by Rachel Khong for $2.99. Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adiche for $1.99. The Lacuna by Barbara Kingsolver for $2.99. Life After Life by Kate Atkinson for $1.99. We Are the Change We Seek: The Speeches of Barack Obama for $1.99. The Liars Club by Mary Karr for $1.99. Fledgling by Octavia E. Butler for $1.99. Every Heart a Doorway by Seanan McGuire for $2.99. The Nature of the Beast by Louise Penny for $2.99. The Great Movies by Roger Ebert for $1.99. Someday, Someday Maybe by Lauren Graham for $1.99. The Fever by Megan Abbott for $2.99. Stitches by Anne Lamott for $2.99. Modern Girls by Jennifer S. Brown for $1.99. Trigger Warning by Neil Gaiman for $2.99. Dust Tracks on a Road by Zora Neale Hurston for $2.99. The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara for $1.99. The Serpent King by Jeff Zentner for $1.99. Infomocracy by Malka Older for $1.99. The Darkest Part of the Forest by Holly Black for $2.99. The Sudden Appearance of Hope by Clare North for $2.99. The Unexpected Inheritance of Inspector Chopra by Vaseem Khan for $2.99. The Wife by Meg Wolitzer for $1.99. The Bookseller by Cynthia Swanson for $2.99. Pages for Her by Sylvia Brownrigg for $3.99. Shrill by Lindy West for $2.99. Lets Pretend This Never Happened by Jenny Lawson for $1.99. This Is Where I Leave You by Jonathan Tropper for $1.99. As You Wish by Cary Elwes for $1.99. The Invisible Library by Genevieve Cogman for $2.99. The Bedlam Stacks by Natasha Pulley for $2.99. Seraphina by Rachel Hartman for $1.99. Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes for $1.99. The Little Book of Mindfulness by Patrizia Collard for $1.99. Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1 for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $4.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Immigration An Influential Aspect Of American History

Throughout American history, immigration has been a constant and significant force in the country. From the early beginnings of the nation in the seventeenth century to the present day, millions of people, from a variety of different and distinct nations and cultures, made the great journey to the United States to pursue greater economic and social opportunities. Immigration has been an influential aspect of American history. These immigrants have enhanced and contributed greatly to the fabric and the story of America. They have brought with them diversity and aspects of their cultures that made America the great melting pot that it is today (Connelly 174). They have also brought with them economic benefits to the country. Immigration is a crucial and a positive influence on the United States. Immigration has increased diversity within this nation. To many, America is considered a melting pot, a place where people of different backgrounds are able to come together as a common culture. Since its colonial period, America has been a home and a safe haven for numerous groups of immigrants. According to Mark Connelly`s book, The Sundance Writer, â€Å"Since its founding, the United States has absorbed waves of new arrivals from around the world† (173). Immigrant groups viewed this land as a prominent and vast place where they can prosper, create exceptional and joyous lives, evade religious and political persecution in their home countries, and construct better communities under aShow MoreRelatedImmigration : The Fundamental Aspect Of American Growth1395 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration: The Fundamental Aspect of American Growth Luis Herrera First Period AP Government February 19, 2015 â€Æ' Immigration: The Fundamental Aspect of American Growth All great empires in history have been rooted in a specific, defining set of characteristics, traditions, values, and perspectives that fuel society towards unity and comradery. This central set of practices and perspectives evolves with along with the people it pertains to and creates a culture that effects all aspects of theRead MoreIreland in America Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, to be free from oppression, disease, and hunger, or simply to start a new life. Many different people of different culture, race, and religion have made their mark and helped to shape the American culture. One of the most influential immigration movements in American History is the Irish Immigration. During the 18th century the Irish slowly began their migration to America. Centuries of oppression from Protestant English rule had forced them to live very poor lives under strict rules, inRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The 1920s And 1950s908 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920’s were a very important era in America for better or worse. There were many issues in relation to race and how people of different ethnic groups were treated. African American had a cultural rejuvenation that being the Harlem Renaissance. The advent of the Ford Model T change the way how people traveled. Many may say an era like the 1950’s were highly comparable. Race related issues were on a decline as America as whole sought to be more accepting and the oppressed started to speak out onRead More U.S. History 1877-1933 Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pagesquot;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The above statement is one that seems to be very true when looking back upon the history of the United States. From the years 1877 to 1933, this country went through many changes and transitions in the areas of politics, economy, society, and culture, which resulted in the birth of a new nation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The period from 1877 to 1901 in American history was known as the Gilded Age, it was titled soRead MoreThe Immigration Act Of 19241399 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, immigration has remained a complex and influential piece of presidential policy—from the Age of Mass Migration, which led to the Immigration Act of 1924, to present day policy, which may result in the construction of a border wall. The debate on immigration remains contentious, inspiring emotional and empirical arguments by politicians and the public alike. Many of these aspects are discussed and defined within Abramitzky, Boustan, and Eriksson’s paper â€Å"A Nation of Immigrants:Read MoreFounding of the United States708 Words   |  3 Pageseconomic, social and political development. These aspects took place at different times and each of these events contributed to development on its own special way. Generally the development we have in the United States is a result of various occurrences that have happened in the past centuries that influenced and changed peoples’ way f thinking and also influenced their behavior thus the development. These particular period were characterized by influential political leaders and also strong statesmen whoRead MoreCultural Education And The American Civil Rights Movement848 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Contrast: To the very best of my recollection, the extent of cultural education I received in grade school entailed more of a historical look into society. That is to say, I was instructed on subjects ranging from ancient civilization to the American civil rights movement, the primary focus generally pertaining to historic events rather than sociological matters. The contrast between the subject matter I was previously exposed too compared to the lessons brought forth in this particular assignmentRead MoreGke1 Task 11212 Words   |  5 Pagesand the population had grown to 223,856. Kelly (n.d.) also states that in San Francisco alone, the population was approximately 800 in 1848 to well over 50,000 at the close of 1849. Before the rush, California was a vast wild wilderness that most Americans never dreamed of visiting. There were tales of savage people and even more savage wilderness and it was widely known that lawlessness and general uncivility reigned supreme throughout the new Western Territories. These tales enthralled the generalRead MoreIrish Immigration in America Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages### ### American Military University Journey to America Story of the Irish in Antebellum America HS101 - US History to 1877 William J. McMonigle - 3055083 Friday, October 28, 2005  When many think of the times of immigration, they tend to recall the Irish Immigration and with it comes the potato famine of the 1840s however, they forget that immigrants from the Emerald Isle also poured into America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The assimilationRead MoreGke1 Task 1 Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesPART A The most significant physical geographical factor that contributed to the development of the ancient South American society of the Incas was the Andes Mountains. The Inca Empire had villages and cities throughout the Andes Mountains. Some of these settlements were as low as sea level and their capital, Cusco, was at an altitude of 11,200 feet. The Andes are considered some of the longest and highest mountain ranges. In fact it’s tallest peak, Mount Aconcaqua, in Argentina, tops out at

What Are Count Nouns in English Grammar

The War Of 1812 And The United States - 1633 Words

The War of 1812 took place between the Americans and Great Britain because of the impressment of Americans sailors by the British and the passing of the Embargo Act by Congress and President Thomas Jefferson. The British navy would impress sailors from American ships and force the American sailors to board the British ships and to join the British navy. The second reason that the War of 1812 occurred was because of the Embargo Act of 1807. This act was passed by Congress and Jefferson and it stopped all trade with Europe. As a result of impressment and the United States passing the Embargo Act, the War of 1812 began on June 18th 1812 (â€Å"War of 1812† 2). It was ended by the Treaty of Ghent, which was a peace treaty signed by both countries†¦show more content†¦As a result of the Treaty of Ghent, the Native Americans were forced to a sign series of treaties that forced them to give up large areas of land north of the Ohio River. During the war, the Native Americans sided with the British and after the British lost the war the Americans did nothing to help the Native Americans. In fact, Native Americans were pushed further and further west and were forced to live far away from the lands that they were born in and, because of this, tensions broke out between the Native Americans and settlers. After the War of 1812, the United States started to expand westward, also known as the Westward Expansion. In April of 1803, the United States purchased Louisiana from the French. The United States bought this land from the French for fifteen million dollars. All the land gained from the Louisiana Purchased doubled the size of the country. Before citizens could begin to move West, Thomas Jefferson sent two men, Louis and Clark, on an expedition. Louis and Clark were sent to explore the new land and to map a route to the Pacific Ocean. Thomas Jefferson asked the men to keep careful records of this land and to bring back important information about the geography and the people, which they successfully did. The Federal Government became even more disrespectful of the Native Americans. The citizens of the United States started to expand into the Ohio River Valley and into the Northwest and West. In 1830, during Andrew Jackson’s

Personal Statement Pounding the Pounds Essay Example For Students

Personal Statement Pounding the Pounds Essay â€Å"In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear of failure. † – Bill Cosby You have to want to achieve your goals much more than you fear failure. That requires being courageous and going after what you want. It’s the only way to succeed. Throughout my life I have seen others surpass me in things because I was afraid to seek out what I wanted. When I was in elementary school I wasnt the most interesting person to talk to because I was self conscious about my weight. It was a struggle to be able to have the confidence and motivation to talk to people. I suffered from low self esteem and I never saw the brighter side in things. My insecurities were slowly destroying me as a person and I hated this lifestyle. I felt like I was a failure and I hated feeling that way about myself. I was frustrated and I felt helpless. I was battling with my darker side and I was losing. I couldnt overcome this obstacle and tried to change myself for the greater good. I reached a breaking point, when I graduated from elementary school I knew the way I was acting, it wasnt healthy and it wasnt me . I had to recreate myself over the summer. Throughout the summer, I started being more active in order to change my physical appearance and I spoke to my cousin about what was going on with me. It felt good opening up to someone especially to him because he was like my older brother and he would always look after me. He told me to put my anger into something productive, releasing my stress and frustration into something that would do me good. And so I did. Soon after I started my first year of middle school, I signed up for my school’s football team. Try outs were intense but I didnt let that stop me, my motivation to make this team was to an all time high and I felt invincible. A couple of days after tryouts I got the call back that I made the team. As a result, I became passionate about football which made me into a stronger person. I won two championship titles with my team and I received Most Valuable Player at the championship game when we won our second title. My family and friends have never been so proud of me, I wasn’t alone anymore and I had my parents pushing me to became the man I was supposed to become. After a few years through middle school I lost a couple of pounds because of football, and this gave me a confidence boost. I finally felt at peace with myself and I couldn’t have been any happier. As I grew and matured, I lost the pounds and negative thoughts, the burden that was brought upon me when I was young. Throughout high school Ive met many people along the way that have helped me become stronger and grow into the man I am today. My friends were a great impact in my life, they made me realize and appreciate how life can be and how you can’t ever give up on the things you want. They would always say â€Å"When there’s a will, theres a way†. This helped me break through the barrier that held me back from succeeding and achieving what I want. This epiphany I had when I was young was a life changing experience that has really prepared me for college. Life is full of new adventures and being a freshman is no different. Although it may seem a little difficult at first, the key to success is determination and motivation. To always think positive. As a result of this event, I have now the internal fire which allows me to ascend to something I have yet to achieve.

The Retail Grocery Market Structure in Australia

The Nature Of Man - Marxs Capital essays

The Nature Of Man - Marx's Capital essays Many people believe that issues affecting the world today are of no concern for our future generations. They do not dedicate themselves enough to sustaining the limited resources we have available. For example even though people are educated by the society around them and are warned that they should recycle and consume less energy they do not take any action. People understand that they need to use these limited resources wisely, however they do not do anything to solve the issue but only destroy the environment further. Because of this, our natural resources are slowly becoming depleted due to mans greed and power. For those who try to change the world they will not succeed if they are alone. Fixing the environment is not something one can do all alone, we need support from others but man is so greedy. We pretend to care but take no action when the time comes. We do not approve of long term goals; we want what we demand right away. The sole purpose of mans existence is to exploit both the natural and human resources which exist on this planet. (Marx, 1975) Our world is being destroyed gradually by pollution, chemical emissions, garbage dumps, and the misuse of our water supplies. In the future we may not have any natural resources left because of mans greed. We may use up what little resources we have now, and as a result ...man will exploit his physical environment by sucking dry the very resources which maintain his existence... (Marx, 1975) Because of mans greed, today the world is fighting for oil, it is the most valuable product in the economic industry, but soon this product will be wat er. People in future generations will fight for water the way in which they fight for oil today. The greenhouse effect will also be a huge factor if we do not control it now. We are destroying our world more than natural disasters are, and because of this fact man is the only source that affects its re...

Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law and Ethics - Essay Example It is pertinent to note here that teachers are employed under a written contract and onus comes on board to prove that teacher has misbehaved or violated any condition of employment. The Fair Dismissal Act enlists eight causes under which dismissal of the teacher can be acted upon and the board must ensure that charges framed against the teacher fit into one of the eight grounds outlined in the act for a successful termination. The superintendent must forward a written notice to the teacher about their intention of dismissal along with a copy of the said Act. The employee must be provided with all information pertaining to their rights to assure him or her that proper procedure is being followed upon. The superintendent will also attach copies of OCGA 20-2-940 through 20-2-947, and 20-2-211(b) along with the notice. The teacher has full right to ask for the reasons of dismissal and the superintendent is obligated to reply within 14 days of this request. If the superintendent fails to reply within stipulated time period, the teacher’s contract will get renewed automatically. The superintendent needs to ensure that Professional Development Plan is in place. A detailed documentation process against the teacher is a must before taking any concrete action. The principal will need to present all papers that include a complaint from the teachers departmental chair exposing teachers behavior. The principal will also need to present those papers from the teachers file that reveals that required attempts have been made to correct the teachers behavior. The principal will establish that the teacher has been placed on a Professional Development Plan before asking for his or her dismissal. It becomes imperative on part of the principal that all necessary papers and documentation are provided to the board beforehand otherwise termination request cannot go through. 5. What is the difference between an â€Å"at will† employee

Deception in the investigative, interrogation, and testimonial Essay

Deception in the investigative, interrogation, and testimonial processes - Essay Example The fact is that the law often supports police detection, although police action is limited without an arrest or search warrant. The police conduct detection within a contradictory moral order wherein certain fidelities fuse with certain betrayals (Skotnick). The detection process has three stages and deception can and does occur in any or all of these (Skotnick, 1985). These are investigation, interrogation and testimony. Within the policeman's broad moral cognition, the acceptability of deception depends on the level of criminal process: It is most acceptable to the police and the courts at the investigation stage, less during interrogation and least at the testimonial stage in the courtroom. Increasingly stringent normative constrains account for the differences among the levels and stages. Courtroom testimony is given under oath, whereby witnesses sweat to tell only the truth and nothing but the truth. It is the norm to accept that a witness is telling the truth in court. Courtroom lying violates the basic justice system, which all the parties are assumed to uphold. A policeman who lies in the courtroom can work his way out of his predicament by insisting that judicial interpretations of his limitations can get on the way of his abil ity of performing his job. This appears to be true within the context of the forces, which operate within the investigative stage of an adversary system, wherein the end justifies the means. The policeman seems to have the "privilege" of lying to get to the truth in achieving justice through due process (Skotnick). It may be quaint and a contradiction of values and norms but it is also factual that police freely admit to deceiving suspects and defendants to catch them, yet lying policemen and detectives do not admit to committing perjury (Skotnick, 1985). Perjury is as systematic as police work and police know among themselves that they perjure as a norm rather than as an individual error. A study, conducted by Columbia law students on the effect of Mapp v. Ohio on police practices in New York City, on certain search and seizure cases showed that uniformed police fabricated grounds for arrest in narcotics cases in meeting the requirements of Mapp. This does not justify but only explains how police who falsely witness justify the practice for the sake of greater persuasiveness. They resort to lying as routine of shaking themselves out of a predicament or helping one another out of it and because of a skeptical attitude towards a system, which is disinclined towards the truth that would be favor able to the criminal. The law allows a policeman to lie during the investigative stage but forbids it during the testimonial stage in the courtroom where and when he is certain of the guilt of the suspect, unlike during the investigative stage. The lying policeman puts more value on a short-term objective of suppressing evidence than on the long-term principle of due process in protecting the dignity of the accused. The policeman's pursuit is to legitimize the evidence he presents rather than weigh and analyze its sufficiency. He is merely after complying with the arrest laws, although this compliance often involves manipulation

A Study of Building Obsolescence in Standard Design

A Study of Building Obsolescence in Standard Design Abstract Once the building is obsolete cause by the defect of varying physical deterioration an ageing of various component and building of various age. The primary objective of this dissertation is to find out life cycle of building element and obsolescence and the effect for the building obsolescence. The definition and differentiation between obsolescence and depreciation, as well as explanation for all different types of obsolescence are being identified on the early stage of the dissertation. A survey is then conducted, few case studies are being conducted to collect information from double storey terrace housing tenants in order to achieve the targeted objective. During the survey, some difficulties are being encountered, such as time constraint and restrict of the obsolescence building have been over cycle life 30 years olds. The findings of the dissertation show that part of the hypothesis, which was set at the early stage is wrong. Not all types of obsolescence will cause depreciation of rental in office building. Legal obsolescence will not cause the renewal building and effect the service life of the building. At the end of the dissertation, recommendation will be made base on the research throughout this dissertation. It should be noted that the results from this survey are not perfectly reliable. However, it is hope that it can be a guideline to those who wish to carry out comprehensive or further research on building obsolescence. A STUDY OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE IN STANDARD DESIGN TERRACE HOUSES IN PERAK Chapter 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is the introduction of the dissertation. It will define the background of the study. Aim and objectives of the research will be listed to give a clear understanding on the purpose of this dissertation. Besides, hypothesis is also stated to tell the reader what are the key questions being examined. Scope of study will be deliberated in this chapter too. It is to discuss on the coverage of this research. Research methodology will also be covered in this chapter to describe the method used to achieve the aim and objectives, as well as the way used to produce this dissertation. Case study, interview and questionnaire will be the main methodology of this research. The last part of the chapter will be the research structure, where it shows the layout of the chapter of the dissertation. 1.2 RATIONALE The initial idea of this topic is developed during my visit to my aunts work place. Renovation of her office building is carried out at that moment. The reason for the renovation work, which she told me, was to make the building attractive again, so that, the look of the building would not be out of date. Therefore, it gave me an idea to do a research on building obsolescence. Discussion with my colleagues and supervisor was carried out to narrow down the scope of this topic. Besides, many reading and thinking were done to decide what emphasis of my research is to be. Finally, the narrowed topic was found. As I have found out, obsolescence has been a persistent problem affecting houses property in recent years. Due to the impact of obsolescence, many houses have been renewal and redeveloped after only 20 to 30 years life, long before reaching the end of their physical life. Many houses in the future are likely to enjoy even shorter useful lives as a result of increased rates of obsolescence. Obsolescence occurs due to physical deterioration, wear and tear, technological advances, changes in the economic conditions users requirements, design, appearance, taste, legal, and social needs. Once the building is obsolete cause by the defect of varying physical deterioration an ageing of various component and building of various age. The research is undertaken to find out life cycle of building element and obsolescence and the effect for the building obsolescence. Hence, my research will discuss this issue in greater depth and goes on to consider different types of obsolescence. By doing so, I wish that the results from this research will help me to understand the defect of component of material cause the obsolescence building. Such results may also help me in future to know on the prevent ways to treat the obsolescence in building. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE Aim To investigate varying physical deterioration an ageing of various component and building of varies age. Objective: 1. To investigate the life cycle of building element and obsolescence. 2. To investigate the effect for the building obsolescence. 3. To explain strategy for avoiding and minimizing the obsolescence in building. 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT Different project types have in themselves different project life cycle, which in turn influence the life expectancy of their various component. Different elements of building also have different stage obsolescence, Users or owners may change and have requirements different from those the element was initially intended to fulfill. Many of the technologies of modern facilities, as well as the activities they shelter and support to minimizing obsolescence, have changed substantially in recent decades and are continuing to change. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The problem of obsolescence is hardly new so need find the board expertise and extensive experience to get the more information for this dissertation. We should be concerned that in an age of rapidly changing technology our buildings are apt to be obsolete. These building might have been built 35 years ago so we will investigate varying physical deterioration of ageing. These changes in technology are not only inevitable; in the long term they are desirable because the new systems and services offer enhanced performance to the facilities, users and owners. However, in the short term, obsolescence can be costly. Thoughtful design and management can defer or avoid obsolescence and thereby improve efficiency as well as effectiveness of our facilities, and that is the ultimate aim of this dissertation. 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Various research studies relating to building obsolescence in standard design houses in Perak had been carried out in many ways:- Literature review Case Study and Questionnaires Interview 1.6.1 Literature review iterature research is very important to get the information in order to do the theoretical of this dissertation. Reading courses such as books, magazines, reference, articles, newspapers, journals and publication are some of very useful sources to get the data required for the dissertation. The sources can be reached by visiting the National Library, KTAR Library or bookshop in town. Internet advertising is very convenience to use especially for this dissertation, since it related to the internet itself and quite new. By logging onto the internet, website of the internet advertising of the property developer can visited and can get more ideal way of literature research sources. These normally gather from newspapers, journals and publications. Publication: 1. Revision Notes on Building Maintenance and Adaptation, Butterworth (1984), George.T.Hall. 2. Depreciation, Obsolescence and Ageing, (1965), Cowan,P. 3. The Fourth Dimension In building : Strategies for Minimizing Obsolescence.(1993), Donald G. Iselin and Andrew C. Lemer. 1.6.2 Case Study This stage will survey some standard design double storey houses located at Perak. Some houses was built in between the years 1970s and 1990s. Some properties also included building extension for large families, adaptations for the disable, reorganization of space, re-roofing that was present in some of the properties. The renewal internal for these properties was therefore about 20 years. This is a typical time scale for houses and it linked to the condition of properties, available funding, obsolescence, and the need to provide adequate houses in a community. A STUDY OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE IN STANDARD DESIGN TERRACE HOUSES IN PERAK Chapter 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION Over the past half of century, our country has been increasing the processes of ageing and obsolescence in building. An observation of buildings in any town will expose an array standards of physical ageing and condition. Many of the buildings are also being used for a purpose which they not original design that one form of obsolescence has affected them. Today, the demand for new building already diminished that many town have become derelict and need some form of urban regeneration. However, such of the regeneration is more likely from renewal and modernization through the development of greenfield sites. Many traditional structures have lower failure rates and costs less to maintain than some of the newer forms of the building. With the increasing level of affluence, standards in buildings, life styles demand to improve quality, space and other. This leads to both the desire for new building and to the renewal of existing structure. More of the renewal of the building is cause by the obsolescence building that failure the structure and the physical. There is considerable degree of confusion surrounding the definition of obsolescence. These two terms are usually without precision. A detail study on the definition of obsolescence is carried out in this chapter to make a clear understanding on building obsolescence. There are two impacts of the obsolescence on a building named are curable obsolescence and incurable obsolescence. Reflection of them will be given separately in this chapter. Obsolescence itself can be divided into different categories. As this dissertation is undertaken to find out which types of obsolescence, it is necessary to understand the definition and differences of each type of obsolescence. Hence, the chapter will also go on to define different types of obsolescence. Hopefully by doing this can provide a guidance to differentiate each type of obsolescence and eliminate the misconception of different types of obsolescence. These changes are related to the uses of a building or certain spaces within the building are expected to serve (i.e., functional); the cost of continuing to use an existing building, subsystem, or component in comparison with the expense of substituting some alternative (economic); the efficiency and service accessible by the existing installed technology compared with new and improved alternatives (technological); or the broad influence of changing social goals, political agendas, or changing lifestyles. 2.2 DEFINITION OF Obsolescence Obsolescence is not depreciation. Both of them are two different terms. However, they are related. Depreciation is an accounting terms and have a formal definition of depreciation, drafted by the Accounting Standard Committee (1987), is: Depreciation is the measure of the wearing out, consumption, or other reduction in the useful economic life of a fixed asset whether arising from use, afflation of time or obsolescence through technological or market changes. This definition is comprehensive and clearly stated what is the depreciation. Besides, the reader can understand the differentiation between the depreciation and obsolescence. Base on this definition, reader can understand the depreciation is a loss in the existing use value of the property and it occurs as the result of the building becoming obsolete. This implies that obsolescence is the cause of the building and depreciation is the effect of the obsolescence. Obsolescence was defined differently by many studies in North America and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, according to Baxter (1971) defined obsolescence as a decline in utility not directly related to physical usage or the passage of time. This definition is not quite correct because the author does not consider physical deterioration as part of obsolescence. In accounting work, obsolescence is separated from physical deterioration. However, based on the original definition given by the Oxford dictionary, obsolescence includes physical deterioration: The word obsolete derives from the Latin obsoleo, which was in use from the middle of the sixteenth century with the following meaning, which is no longer practiced or used; discarded; worn out; effaced through wearing down, atrophy, degeneration. The other aspect that can cause confusion is whether the obsolescence is defined as a decline in the utility of the building as defined by Baxter (1971) or a loss of utility introduced by Flanagan et al. (1989). Both the definitions are correct because both decline and loss of utility are affecting the rental price of a building and therefore, shall be included in the definition. To clarify, obsolescence is the process of becoming antiquated, old fashioned, outmoded, or out-of-date. It describes a decline in utility that not result directly from physical usage, the action of the elements or the passage of time (Baum, 1991). According to Nutt et al (1976), the buildings can only truly be defined as obsolete when they have become completely useless with respect to all possible uses that they have been called upon to support. Utility the sense of use fullness, desirability or satisfaction is therefore central to the concept of obsolescence; if something is not felt to be providing utility, it will be considered obsolete (Smith et al.1998). However, because there is no single measure of utility it is difficult to produce a rational, consistent and objective measure of obsolescence (Raftery, 1991). To overcome this problem, obsolescence in buildings is normally measured in terms of the real or nominal decrease in value (Salway, 1986). Obsolescence also related to decay of tangible and intangible things that all products have an irresistible tendency to become old, but the speed of ageing is different for different objects and circumstances. Obsolescence is much more difficult to control since concerned with the prediction of charges in fashion, technological development, innovation in the design and the use of buildings. Obsolescence occurs due to physical deterioration, wear and tear, technological advances, changes in the economic conditions and user requirement. The design, appearance, taste, legal, and social needs will also have an impact to the building. The impact of obsolescence on a building can be classified into curable obsolescence and incurable obsolescence. Curable obsolescence is one that can be control by the building owner through choice the construction materials, preserve high standards of maintenance and refurbishment. But, it can only manage to a certain extent. The factors into the curable obsolescence are including: a. Construction faults b. Level of deterioration c. Poor level and standard of services Normally, curable obsolescence can be easily counteracted by means of maintenance or repair. Incurable obsolescence being the results of inappropriate changes is less easily controlled by the building owner. The most that can be done is to incorporate flexibility into the design of a building to make alterations and adaptations easier in the future. The treatment of incurable impact of obsolescence requires the introduction of new characteristic into a building, which may not be similar with the existing structure. 2.3 CATEGORISATION OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE Previous studies categorized obsolescence into physical obsolescence (Winfrey, 1931; Little 1964); functional and locational obsolescence (Cowan, 1965; Medhurst, 1969); environmental obsolescence (Medhurst, 1969); economic obsolescence (Seymour, 1982); aesthetic, legal, and social obsolescence (CALUS, 1986; Baum 1989). The above studies considered technological and functional obsolescence as one category. However, at later stage, CALUS (1986), as well as Duffy and Henny (1988) suggested that technological and functional obsolescence should be separately categorized because of the differences in the impact on buildings. Suggestions from them are correct. Technological obsolescence should be considered as one of the major causes of obsolescence because of its important. A building that is functionally obsolete has to be demolished to obtain a better return from the site. However, it does not necessarily apply to a building that is technologically obsolete. For example, a lift has become technologically obsolete, but it does not render the function of the building obsolete. Therefore, the building will still be retained but the lift might be replaced. Based on the above, obsolescence therefore, categorized as: Economic Obsolescence; Functional Obsolescence; Aesthetic Obsolescence; Environmental Obsolescence; Legal and social Obsolescence; Technological Obsolescence; Locational Obsolescence; Physical Obsolescence. 2.3.1Economic Obsolescence Economic obsolescence seems to control the durability of real estate, whether residential, commercial or industrial. CALUS (1986) suggested that a building might become economically obsolete following a change in the highest and best use for the land. This might result either from a change in the market condition or in planning policies. Rand came out with another suggestion saying that besides changes in market condition and planning policies, a change in the national economy can also cause the land to appreciate over and above the normal increase in cost. Compare both the suggestions; CALUSs suggestion is poorer. He has neglected national economy as one of the reason that causes economic obsolescence. National economy must be one of the concerns as it has great effect to the land value. Once there is a change in the national economy, the land value will be affected. According to Salway (1986), Economic Obsolescence is considered to be the result of a change in the highest and best use for the land. Such a change could be related to specific site or more generally to the surrounding area. Economic obsolescence is a function of appreciation rather than depreciation: a building becomes economically obsolete not as a result of the existing structure, but through enhancement of the development potential of the underlying land. The building value decreases over time due to obsolescence. The building can become obsolete if the land value exceeds the capital value of the building faster than its expected physical life. On this occasion, replacement of the existing building becomes economically attractive, as better return from the asset can be generated. For instance, the land value in a particular area drops due to relocation of the central business zone to another area. New development having advantage of cheaper land cost will be more competitive and attractive to the tenants and will cause the rental for the existing buildings to decline. Economic obsolescence is incurable and difficult to predict due to lack of information on the future development and confidentiality of government policies. 2.3.2Functional Obsolescence Functional obsolescence is a product of technological progress resulting either in change in the occupiers requirements or in the introduction of new building products: A building may be considered functionally obsolete due to its defective layout (e.g., inadequate floor to ceiling heights and close-spaced structural columns); A building may become functionally inefficient because its inflexibility to accommodate new information technology (e.g., no raised floor for distribution of cables). CALUS (1986) suggested that functional obsolescence is the loss of value of the subject facility resulting from a deficiency (other than physical deterioration) that impairs the subject when compared to a replacement facility. Functional obsolescence is mainly incurable, which can shorten the economic life of a building (Rand, 1986). Baum (1991) considered Functional Obsolescence as the product of technological progress that causes changes in the occupies requirements, impinging on the layout and facilities and also felt that legal and social obsolescence should be regarded as sub-sets of Functional Obsolescence. 2.3.3 Aesthetic Obsolescence Buildings may deem unacceptable by occupiers if the appearance is outdated and incompatible with their corporate image. Either fashion in architectural style may have changed or, alternatively the building may simply look old and fail to satisfy an inspiration to be associated with up-to-date products. The improved appearance of a building could result in more satisfied employees and the higher standing of the firm and its services or products. CALUS (1986) suggested that fashion permeates all facets of life including architectural experience. Whatever the long-term view of posterity about a particular architectural style, it will invariably fall out of favor in the medium term. The changes in fashion will provide an adverse reaction against styles, which characterized the immediately proceeding era. Architectural style cannot be defined precisely. It is best described as a State of the Art of the building design, which is characterized by fashion, vogue, available technology, and personal taste. The introduction of a new architectural style can in some cases, cause buildings with an old design to appear old fashioned and less attractive to potential purchasers or lessees. Buildings with a distinctive design appeal are more likely to have lasting appeal and to be less affected by changes in architectural style. The effect of aesthetic obsolescence is greater in commercial buildings because the buildings with new architectural styles can fetch higher rental values. The decline in the revenue of old buildings requires the buildings to be refurbished to make them attractive and competitive again. 2.3.4 Environmental Obsolescence Medhurst (1969) suggested that environmental obsolescence of a whole neighborhood may occur when the conditions in a neighborhood render it increasingly unfit for its current use. Changes in the character of an area may make a building unsuitable for its original intended use. Environmental obsolescence will normally be of greater relevance to depreciation of land than to the depreciation of buildings. Environmental change such as high pollution, road congestion and urban decay causes environmental obsolescence. For example, an office building may suddenly become obsolete when the adjacent site is used for industrial use. Disturbances from factory engines and air pollution will deter tenants from staying and the building revenue will start to decline. The need for a change in the infrastructure of an area can also cause a building to be environmentally obsolete. For example, the area needs more car parking, pedestrian areas, efficient public transport and roads. This type of obsolescence is not directly related to building design and difficult to forecast. 2.3.5 Legal And Social Obsolescence egal obsolescence stems from the introduction of new legislation or new standards controlling matters such as health, safety, and fire control, which in extreme cases may render a building obsolete. CALUS (1986) and Baum (1989) suggested that changes in social needs might result in occupiers demanding for high and compatible image, good neighborhood and amenities. For instance, cinema in an area loss its utility due to introduction of home videos, VCD or DVD. So, cinema become uneconomic to operate because loses of revenue. The only way is to convert the cinema to other uses. Many building become social obsolete although suitable for the purpose envisaged, because it is situated in the wrong location and therefore of only limited practical to use. egal Obsolescence occurs where a building fails to meet current legislation requirement and the costs involved in bringing the building up to the required standard are prohibitive. In this case, legislation will advance demolition beyond the buildings physical life. Examples, asbestos and other hazardous materials to health are now prohibited in new buildings and where they occur in existing building they need to be either removed or provided with sealed protection systems. The general condition of a building may in some cases make this financially prohibitive, even where grants for their removal are available, resulting in demolition. A STUDY OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE IN STANDARD DESIGN TERRACE HOUSES IN PERAK Chapter 2 2.3.6 Technological Obsolescence A Technological Obsolescence occur when the building in no longer technologically superior to alternatives and replacement is undertaken because of lower operating costs or greater efficiency. A building may become technologically obsolete before half of its physical life passed then the speed of change in current society suggests that in the future this life will be reduced even faster. CALUS (1986) suggested that this form of obsolescence occurs as a result of technological innovation. For example, some of the existing electrical and mechanical services are no longer technologically suitable or superior in terms of performance or efficiency. Consider for example, improvement in the lighting efficiency of a new lamp, which may make an existing lighting system no longer economically or technologically effective. In some situations, as with building management systems, it may be possible to install these innovations, without replacing the existing asset. 2.3.7 Locational Obsolescence ocational obsolescence occur when an area and the property located in it suffers from devaluation because it is considered less fashionable or attractive by occupiers (Bryson,1997). A building can become locationally obsolete when the economic activities in the area change (Medhurst, 1969). A change in the city planning, such as relocation of the commercial area and construction of new roads and motorways can change the economic activities of the affected areas. 2.3.8 Physical Obsolescence ittle (1964) suggested that physical obsolescence occurs solely due to the deterioration of the buildings physical fabric. This suggestion is not correct because he stressed only deterioration of buildings physical fabric causes physical obsolescence. The readers may think that no other factors will cause physical obsolescence except for the deterioration of physical fabric. Actually, components of the building can be considered as one of the physical aspect of the building. Hence, if there is any deterioration of the buildings component, the building is considered physically obsolete too. Therefore, Winfrey (1931) said that physical obsolescence not only due to the deterioration of the physical fabric but also the other components such as mechanical and electrical services and equipment used in the building. However, both the definitions have not mentioned what are the factors that cause deterioration of buildings physical fabric, materials or components. Then, CALUS (1986) came out with the suggestion saying that an asset may remain as good as ever in itself, but be rendered obsolete by external factors such as physical deterioration. Physical deterioration is defined as deterioration of the physical fabric of building as function of use and the effect of the passage of time. It is felt that the separation of physical deterioration from obsolescence is not significant, and it is considered as a category of building obsolescence. Flanagan et al. (1989) supported this view by saying that physical deterioration was considered as physical obsolescence. This is because they have similar effects, which can cause the rental price of a building to decrease and its economic life shorten. Flanagan et al. (1989) came out the statement stated that physical obsolescence is determined by environmental and non-environmental factors. Any material or component will deteriorate because of environmental factors such as radiation (solar and thermal), temperature ranges, water (rain, condensation, snow, ice), air contamination, biological factors (micro-organisms, fungi, bacteria) and stress factors (physical action of wind, hail). The non-environmental factors are generally the stresses that are imposed by humans in their various activities of living, working and playing. Examples are permanent loading, fatigue loading, impact, abrasion, chemical attack, normal wear and tear, and abuse by the user. The rate of physical deterioration can be forecast within tolerable levels of accuracy using the lives of the respective building components. However, it must be remembered that considered variation exists in the lives of even the same building component depending upon a wide range of the different circumstances (Ashworth,1996). Kirwan and Martin (1972) suggested that this physical deterioration occurs as the deterioration of the physical structure of the building. It is not simply a factor of age but a combination of age, use and scale of maintenance. Physical deterioration occurs more slowly than other forms of obsolescence, but it is predictable and curable provided the building is well maintained. Baums (1989) showed that physical obsolescence is not as significant as functional and aesthetic obsolescence. The rapid deterioration of buildings and their components can be attributes to many different causes: An emphasis upon initial building costs without considering the consequences of costs in use. Inappropriate design and detailing of buildings and their components. Use if materials and components that have insufficient data concerning their longevity. Constructional practices on site that were poorly managed, supervised and inspected. A lack of understanding of the various mechanisms of deterioration. Insufficient attention given to the maintenance the building stock. Inappropriate use by owners and occupies. Whereas the rate of physical deterioration, can be controlled by the designer through the correct choice of material, methods of construction and appropriate standards of maintenance, obsolescence cannot, other than through the ability to provide a flexible and adaptable design solution to facilitate easier adaptation and renewal at same later date. 2.4 SUMMARY After the study, I clear understanding is developed on depreciation and obsolescence as well as different types of obsolescence. There will be no confusion and misconception surrounding them. Depreciation occurs as the result of the building becoming obsolete. Hence, depreciation is considered as the effect of obsolescence and obsolescence is the cause of depreciation. The impact of obsolescence is classified into curable and incurable. Incurable obsolescence is more crucial than curable obsolescence as it is more difficult to control. It can immediately shorten the physical life of the building. Besides that, I also can understanding the 8 categorizes of obsolescence in this chapter. The categorizes of obsolescence economic, functional, aesthetic and fashion, environmental, legal and social, technological, locational and lastly physical obsolescence. Through the study, it was found that there are no best and perfect suggestions or opinions in the concept of obsolescence. Especially during defining different types of obsolescence, different authors have their own suggest

The Existence Of God Essay -- Religion, Theology, Philosophy, logic

The existence of God has long been a topic of debate. It is the ultimate topic of discussion, as everyone seems to have an opinion on it. I will look at the traditional arguments for the existence of God, the ones that have stood the test of time, and find out how convincing the arguments really are by looking at each one in turn, analysing the logic behind each argument, and finally looking at its criticisms and the responses to the criticisms. The first argument for the existence of God I will look at is the cosmological argument, more commonly known as the "First Cause" argument. It is attributed to Saint Thomas Aquinas, a 13th century philosopher. The basic premise is that for the Universe to exist, something must have caused it to exist in the beginning. The conclusion to this premise, argues Saint Thomas, is that God created the Universe, as he is the only thing eternal. The unstated premises in this argument are that an eternal entity is required to create the universe, and that God is the only thing eternal. The history of time in the universe is often likened to a stack of dominoes falling on one another and causing a chain reaction down the line of dominoes. They did not start falling by themselves, as something must have triggered the very first one. In the First Cause argument, it is God that created the Universe and hence was the first cause. This argument even allows for the Big Bang theory, stating that God ca used the Big Bang. This is a popular argument because it allows religion and science to co-exist in one theory. In fact, the Big Bang theory helps the First Cause argument because it shows that the Universe did in fact begin at a point in time, meaning that there must have been a first cause. Bertrand Rus... ...of these planets. However, this does not explain the apparent convenience of Universe's natural laws for organic life. This can be explained in another theory, which states that there are multiple Universes, a "multiverse", and that we are simply in the Universe whose natural laws support life. Out of all the arguments and criticisms I have looked at, none have been proven in such a way that any of them are self-evident, and none show truly sound arguments. Some arguments are valid, and some have true (by induction, mainly) premises, but none can be shown to prove the existence of God without doubt using logic. These arguments should not be used as proofs of the existence of non-existence of God, they could simply be used to support a person's particular opinion. However, they should be used carefully as fallacies are committed in all of them.

Cheering and People

If people would ask a cheerleader if they think cheer is a spot, they will say yes. If they would ask anyone else, they would say it is not a sport. Cheerleading is a sport because they work Just as hard as anyone else who is in a sport. A cheerleader conditions, they have to be strong, and are competitive. In cheer, they do conditioning to get in shape, Just like every other sport. The coach will make them do all kinds of things, like run a certain amount of laps, and then do Jumping Jacks, lunges, or other things. Cheerleaders condition at every practice.They have to condition so they can do their routine over and over again during their practice. They also have to condition so they can lift people in the air and keep them there for a while. Another reason why they have to condition is so they can stay tight while doing all there cheers and dances. If they are loose at a competition they will get points taken off. Conditioning is a big part in cheer. Cheerleaders, especially guys, have to be strong. Guys have to be strong enough to hrow a girl up to about their shoulders and the hold them in their hands for a few minutes.Then they have to be able to extend them, so they are in their hands and over their heads. Football players may have to be strong, but they do not have to lift girls up everyday. Everyone from the people being lifted up to the people lifting them up have to be strong. The people in the air must be strong, so they can stay tight and not move to much while they are in the air. If they are doing a one legged stunt, and they are not tight, they will fall and may get hurt. The people lifting the them up must also be strong, so they can lift them up.They also cannot move because the person in the air might lose their balance and could fall. All cheerleaders must also be strong and fit enough to do their routine two hours or more a day, five days a week. Cheerleaders must be about as strong as a football player. Competitions are not Just for footbal l, basketball, baseball, and soccer, they are also for cheerleaders. They work on a their routine for months before they have to go to a competition. They have to make sure that it is perfect before they go to competition.They have to make sure their dances are tight and everyone is on time for everything. They also have to make sure they have their cheers memorized and their stunts go up. If they cant do something then they have to chance their routine to make sure everything will work. At the competition they must do their routine in front of a crowd and Judges. Then they are Judged on how well they did their routine. The Judges look at how well there stunts went, there dances, cheers, Jumps and umbling, but they mostly watch if there timing is right on everything.The team with the most points then wins the competition. Cheerleaders will usually do many competitions a year. Some will do four or five, but some may only do one. Cheerleading is not Just about cheering on your schools teams, like most people think it is. It is mostly about the competitions. Cheerleaders work Just as hard as every other sport, if not harder. Cheerleading should be considered a sport and not just an extra activity like everyone thinks it is. Cheering and People By qwsxecdvfgb

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