The Hidden Agenda of the News Media Essay -- TV Television Newspapers

The Hidden Agenda of the News Media People use many different sources in order to gain noesis about current events. In America, historically, mass media and television have been the most dominant sources for info. Over the last decade, internet-based news sites and talk-radio shows have emerged as viable alternatives to the traditionalistic media. While, obviously, the latest forms of news media are very different from their elder counterparts regarding the conveyance of the information, they share some of the same issues regarding the reporting of the news. News coverage trick be, and normally is, influenced by many factors including, but not limited to personal political ideology, religion, culture, and economics. The inner influences of political ideology, cultural values, and religion are not limited to the writer or reporter of a story. Editors, managers, and owners are also subjected to these pressures, in addition to the need to turn a profit, and, therefore, als o influence the reporting of the news. Because of these influences, the final reaping is rarely an objective reporting of the facts. News sources convey their subjectivity, sometimes subtly, other times blatantly, through many methods. Listeners, readers, and viewers of all media should consume all information with a scrap of salt. The goal of this paper is to take one single news topic, somehow related to the United States, and see how it is treated, or spun, by dickens different foreign news sources. Although I could have chosen a topic related to the American presence in the Middle East, I chose kinda to look for a topic that might be treated with subtle subjectivity the cancellation of three of pop star Madonnas concerts in Israe... ...ans. On the other hand, the Arutz SHEVA story is blatantly subjective, almost to the point of becoming propaganda. Freunds attempt to link the Palestinian Authority to terrorist threats is very apparent, and considering the informa tion found on the Opinion page, it is obvious why. Arutz SHEVA appears to be written by religious conservatives and nationalists, and intended for an audience of the same mindset. Both, the Arutz SHEVA article and, to a lesser extent, the AP story, are examples of how terms, phrases, and emphasis can be used to spin a news topic to convey your message. My analysis of these two stories supports the argument for consumers to take all information with a grain of salt.Works CitedThe Straits Times, http//straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/storyprintfriendly/0,1887,252771-230000,00.html?Arutz SHEVA, http//www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=62927

International Relations Essays -- Literary Analysis, Realism, Neo-Real

The first paradigm of world-wide relations is the theory of Realism. Realism is focused on ideas of self-importance-interest and the balance of power. Realism is also split into two categories, classical realism and neo-realism. Famous political theorist, Hans Morgenthau was a classical realist who believed that national interest was found on three elements, balance of power, military force, and self interest (Kleinberg 2010, 32). He uses four trains of analysis to evaluate the power of a state. The first is that power and cultivate are not always the same thing. diverge means the talent to affect the decision of those who have the power to control outcomes and power is the ability to reckon outcomes. An example of influence and power would be the UNs ability to influence the actions of states within the UN exactly the state itself has the power to determine how they act. Morgenthau goes on to his next level of analysis in which he explains the difference in force and pow er in the international realm. Force is physical violence, the use of military power but power is so much more than that. A powerful state can control the actions of another state with the threat of force but not actually need to physical force. He believed that the ability to have power over another state simply with the threat of force was likely to be the most important element in analysis the power of as state (Kleinberg 2010, 33-34). Morgenthau goes onto his third method of analysis which is reviewing a states operative and unusable power. The most popular example of this is the self-will of nuclear weaponry. Nuclear capabilities and that threat of their use is a form of useable power for states like the US and Russia but not for states with underdeveloped nu... ...th 2001). Roth argues that the concept of international jurisdiction is not a new idea but was exercised by the US government in the 1970 after an aircraft hijacking. Also the war crime courts complete after the end of World War II exercised international jurisdiction. In fact the Geneva figure states that is a person regardless of their nationality should be brought so unmatchabler the court of any state in which that person has committed grave breaches of law and convention. Roth states that the concept of international jurisdiction is not a new one but that only in recent years have states been willing to act on familiar jurisdiction and go after criminals of the international conjunction regardless of their stating or power within the international community. Roth believes in the ability and authority of international organizations and institutions (Roth 2001). international Relations Essays -- Literary Analysis, Realism, Neo-RealThe first paradigm of international relations is the theory of Realism. Realism is focused on ideas of self-interest and the balance of power. Realism is also divided into two categories, classical realism and neo-realism. Famous political theorist, Hans Morgenthau was a classical realist who believed that national interest was based on three elements, balance of power, military force, and self interest (Kleinberg 2010, 32). He uses four levels of analysis to evaluate the power of a state. The first is that power and influence are not always the same thing. Influence means the ability to affect the decision of those who have the power to control outcomes and power is the ability to determine outcomes. An example of influence and power would be the UNs ability to influence the actions of states within the UN but the state itself has the power to determine how they act. Morgenthau goes on to his next level of analysis in which he explains the difference in force and power in the international realm. Force is physical violence, the use of military power but power is so much more than that. A powerful state can control the actions of another state with the threat of force but not actually need to physical force. He belie ved that the ability to have power over another state simply with the threat of force was likely to be the most important element in analysis the power of as state (Kleinberg 2010, 33-34). Morgenthau goes onto his third method of analysis which is reviewing a states usable and unusable power. The most popular example of this is the possession of nuclear weaponry. Nuclear capabilities and that threat of their use is a form of useable power for states like the US and Russia but not for states with underdeveloped nu... ...th 2001). Roth argues that the concept of international jurisdiction is not a new idea but was exercised by the US government in the 1970 after an aircraft hijacking. Also the war crime courts established after the end of World War II exercised international jurisdiction. In fact the Geneva Convention states that is a person regardless of their nationality should be brought before the court of any state in which that person has committed grave breaches of law and con vention. Roth states that the concept of international jurisdiction is not a new one but that only in recent years have states been willing to act on universal jurisdiction and go after criminals of the international community regardless of their stating or power within the international community. Roth believes in the ability and authority of international organizations and institutions (Roth 2001).

Patient with Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder Essay

IndexDiagnostic ImpressionsMedical ConditionsPsychosocial FactorsCase ConceptualizationAssessment Recommendation Treatment RecommendationsWorks CitedDiagnostic Impressions fringy Personality indisposition R/O Substance Abuse Disorder and Persistent Depressive DisorderMedical Conditions Arm and leg lacerations, digestive tract irritation as return of toxic elements ingested, gastric suction, effects of alcohol use, effects of cocaine use, and effects of physical abuse through Ecchymosis Psychosocial Factors History of physical and verbal abuse, parental disapproval, academician problems, moving to a new country, pagan differences, language differences, withdrawal from peers, and negative comparison to siblings Case ConceptualizationClient, Maria, is a seventeen-year-old Hispanic female presenting with symptoms consistent with Borderline Personality Disorder. The client was pleased with her appearance yet she seemed as if she was on the verge of tears throughout the sessions. M aria reported that her reason for coming to the clinic was payable to her hospitalization following the ingestion of Drano, however, after analyzing her case there were numerous precursors and signs that lead toward this suicide attempt. The client and her family immigrated to America from Mexico when she was thirteen-years-old causing a language and cultural barrier between the client and her peers. She does indicate that her father often was dissatisfied with her personal life choices and told her that she was nonhing. The clinician believes that these difficulties, in addition to the physical abuse inflicted on her by father, are factors in the clients development of the disorder. The father influenced Maria to... ...hat the most important function is structuring the environment in a way that reinforces increase and does not continue to cause the negative emotions (Bohus et al., 2010). This could include modifying her peer group to not include those who use substances, havin g family work with the client to emphasize progress and not failure, and re-involve in activities she withdrew from prior to treatment (Bohus et al., 2010). Works CitedBell, K. (2012). Anorexia Nervosa. Department of Psychology, Capital University, Columbus, Ohio. Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Stiglmayr, C., Pohl, U., Bhme, R., & Linehan, M. (2010). Evaluation of inpatient Dialectical-Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder a prospective study. demeanour Research and Therapy. Butcher, J.N., Hooley, J.M., & Mineka, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (16th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson.

The Instability of Female Quixote Essay -- Don Quixote Essays

The Instability of Female Quixote In The Female Quixote, the whimsical nature of fiction is not unsloped a barrier to social acceptance, but an absurdity. Following popular notions of the time, fiction is presented as a diversion and an indulgence that cannot be reconciled with reality and threatens the lecturers perception of actual experience. The theme is common, as is evident by means of the basis of this novel, Cervantess Don Quixote, and other employs such as Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen. The story is a series of examples of what not to do, acting as both a cautionary tale and conduct guide. But there is a profound instability in the work resulting from the opposition of the moral and the means in which it is presented. The intention of the work is to depict the error of confusing fiction for reality, yet does this through fiction. The reader is expected to believe in the validity of the storys moral, which is not to believe in stories. A work that denies its own fou ndation cannot function, and this corpse true for The Female Quixote. But this contradiction can only exist if there is clearly an instructive message within it. In this novel, there is no question of the negative influence of hallucinations, only how ridiculous it makes the main character, Arabella, seem. And just how irrational is she? For the vast majority of the plot, she believes she is living inside a classical romance novel rather than 18th century Britain. She mistakes the true intentions of almost every character she meets, transposing their equivalent in courtship stories such as Cassandra, Cleopatra, Artamenes, and Clelia onto their actual selves. Because she has no aesthetic distance from romance novels and sees the motivat... ...other level of The Female Quixote, contradict. When the purpose rejects the basis on which it is built, the entire structure must collapse. Therefore, as entertaining as the work may be, it essentially fails through denying its own existence. Works Cited Lennox, Charlotte. Ed. Margaret Dalziel. The Female Quixote or The Adventures of Arabella. Oxford University Press Oxford, 1989. Merleau-Ponty, M. Trans. Colin Smith. Phenomenology of Perception. Routledge & Kegan Paul London, 1962. Sawicki, Marianne. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edmund Husserl (1859-1938). 1996. Stewart, David and Algis Mickunas. Exploring Phenomenology A Guide to the Field and its Literature. American Library Association Chicago, 1974.

The Heroism, Divine Support, and Greek Unity Displayed in the Persian W

In early fifth century BC Greece, the Greeks consistently suffered from the threat of being conquered by the Persian Empire. Between the years 500-479 BC, the Greeks and the Persians fought two wars. Although the Persian power vastly surpassed the Greeks, the Greeks unexpectedly triumphed. In this Goliath versus David scenario, the Greeks as the underdog, defeated the Persians due to their heroic action, inspired support, and Greek unity. The threat of the Persian Empires expansion into Greece and the imminent possibility that they would lose their freedom and become subservient to the Persians, so horrified the Greeks that they united together and risked their lives in order to preserve the one thing they all shared in common, their Greekness. The Persian War stemmed from the Ionian Revolt which began in 499 BC. The Ionians became a take off of the Persian Empire in 546 BC, provided after many years desired to break away from this forced bond. Therefore, the Ionians sou ght help from the mainland Greeks. The Athenians and Eretrians responded by move ships, but eventually became more involved. What began as a relatively minor involvement in the revolt became more serious when the Athenian and Eretrian forces aided in a surprise attack on Sardis, during which the city was set afire (Demand 1996, 184). Although the Ionian revolt was ultimately unsuccessful, it sparked the anger of Darius, the King of Persia, that the Athenians dared to interfere with his vast empire. Herodotus writes he was so angry that he ordered one of his servants to say to him three times every day before dinner, Sire, remember the Athenians (Hdt. 5.105.2). Whether Darius really said this is questionable, but it is clear that either to exact venge... ...reeks won a war of unbeatable odds because they had both everything to lose and everything to gain - their very survival. Works Cited Crane, G., ed. The Perseus Project. http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?hunt=trm=ov&v ers=english&browse=1 Demand, Nancy. A History of Ancient Greece, Indiana University. McGraw-Hill, Janson by Ruttle, Shaw & Wetherill, Inc., 1996, pp. 185-196. Dillon, Mathew, and Garland, Lynda. Ancient Greece Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the finale of Socrates. Routledge International Thompson Publishing Company, 1994, pp. 179-215 Lefkowitz, Mary. You Are There- A novel set in ancient Greece revisits a key battle between Sparta and Persia. The New York Times bear Review, Nov. 1, 1998 Pressfield, Steven. Gates of Fire An Epic Novel of the Battle of Thermpoylae. New York Doubleday

North Ireland Conflict :: essays research papers

Political Unrest in IrelandThere has been a continuing conflict in Ireland that has been going on for decades, and affects the world to this day. It is basically a political and religious struggle between several groups. The British have played a key role in the situation since the primal 1900s, and even more distant into the past.Origins of the ConflictThe conflict in Ireland has its roots as far back as the 1500s. Ireland has historically been recognized as a Catholic country. However, when King total heat viii was ruling in Britain, Ireland was brought beneath British control. At the time, Britain was predominantly a Protestant country. Tension between the Catholic majority and Protestant minority began to arise in the two faiths. Throughout the years the British and Protestants began to tighten their grip and control in Ireland. In 1534 Henry VIII had the Ireland parliament decl are himself as King of Ireland. The native Irish viewed the British as a major threat to their c ustoms. There have been denary uprisings and rebellions by the Irish people against the British. A British and Spanish alliance was able to put to rest all of the major uprisings. The English began to settle areas of Ireland with Protestants, starting line in the early 1600s. The northern regions of Ireland became one of the more heavily immigrated areas. The all-island Kingdom of Ireland (1541-1801) was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 under the terms of the Act of Union, under which the kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain merged under a central parliament, government and monarchy based in London. In the early 20th century Unionists, led by Sir Edward Carson, conflicting the introduction of Home Rule in Ireland. Unionists were in a minority on the island of Ireland as a whole, but formed a majority in the northern province of Ulster (en.wikipedia.org/Northern_Ireland). Involved Groups and PeoplesThe two major groups involved are the Protestants and the Catholics. Th e Protestants have their roots back to the British who migrated to the region when King Henry VIII was in power. The Protestants are predominantly Unionists. Unionists are people in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales who were historically in favor of uniting their nations into a United Kingdom, or who in modern times with their nation to remain a part of the United Kingdom (www.wikipedia.com). The Protestants are the majority inhabitants of Northern Ireland today. The Catholics are predominantly known as Nationalists, and are descendants of the Irish population predating the settlement of the English and Scottish.

North Ireland Conflict :: essays research papers

Political Unrest in IrelandThere has been a continuing conflict in Ireland that has been departure on for decades, and affects the world to this day. It is essentially a political and religious struggle between several groups. The British have played a key reference in the situation since the early 1900s, and even more distant into the past.Origins of the ConflictThe conflict in Ireland has its roots as far back as the 1500s. Ireland has historically been recognized as a Catholic country. However, when King Henry VIII was ruling in Britain, Ireland was brought beneath British keep back. At the time, Britain was predominantly a Protestant country. Tension between the Catholic studyity and Protestant minority began to arise in the two faiths. Throughout the years the British and Protestants began to tighten their grip and control in Ireland. In 1534 Henry VIII had the Ireland parliament declare himself as King of Ireland. The native Irish viewed the British as a major affright to their customs. There have been multiple uprisings and rebellions by the Irish people against the British. A British and Spanish alliance was able to put to rest all of the major uprisings. The English began to settle areas of Ireland with Protestants, beginning in the early 1600s. The northern fields of Ireland became one of the more heavily immigrated areas. The all-island Kingdom of Ireland (1541-1801) was incorporated into the linked Kingdom in 1801 under the terms of the Act of Union, under which the kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain merged under a central parliament, government and monarchy based in London. In the early 20th blow Unionists, led by Sir Edward Carson, opposed the introduction of Home Rule in Ireland. Unionists were in a minority on the island of Ireland as a whole, but organise a majority in the northern province of Ulster (en.wikipedia.org/Northern_Ireland). Involved Groups and PeoplesThe two major groups involved are the Protestants and the Catholics . The Protestants have their roots back to the British who migrated to the region when King Henry VIII was in power. The Protestants are predominantly Unionists. Unionists are people in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales who were historically in favor of uniting their nations into a United Kingdom, or who in modern times with their nation to remain a part of the United Kingdom (www.wikipedia.com). The Protestants are the majority inhabitants of Northern Ireland today. The Catholics are predominantly known as Nationalists, and are descendants of the Irish population predating the settlement of the English and Scottish.

Greek Gods Research Paper Essay

The best remedy for those who are afraid, lonely or unhappy is to go outside, somewhere where they tail be quiet, alone with the heavens, nature and God. Because only then does one feel that exclusively is as it should be and that God wishes to see the great unwashed happy, amidst the simple beauty of nature, (Anne Frank, 5). In times of despondency and even contentment, people look towards the theologys for counsel. They set the guiding principles for human subsistence. People worship these ideal beings throughout all circumstances. They pray to pass around thanks for good fortune, to ask for forgiveness, to be blessed, and more often than not, to obtain security. For a bounteous measure of people, the ultimate purpose in life is to be the most preeminent person you can possibly be, while satisfying your perfection(s) as well.In the Greek society the gods and the goddesses play a profoundly significant role. The lifestyles of the Greeks were cin one casentrated on religion, wh ich revolved unaccompanied around the gods. The gods were evaluated as being divine and were appraised with immense reverence. The Greeks viewed their gods as being immortal, but not eternal. From time to time life could grow to be bewildering and whether a person is at a high point or a low point they could permanently rely on the presence of the gods. The Greeks believed that they were accountable for all happenings. throughout the entirety of the Greeks lives the gods remained as the central principle of existence.Religion was the basis of all Greeks lives. People existed merely to carry out the will of the much value and esteemed higher beings. The Greek beliefs could not truly be considered a religion, but more of a threskeia or a eusebia which mean cult and piety. Eusebia main(prenominal) concern was not wholly the psyche, as much as the assembly may that assembly have been the family, tribe, civilization, or the city-state. The objective of Eusebia was to cultivate benev olence, harmony, pleasure, and affluence. The gods took on a key position in creating this. Similarly, it was intended to circumvent the disapproval of the gods, conflict, controversy, and starvation. It was fixed on sacrifice, which was involved in the joining of the gods with man, and the joining of man with man (http//fac-staff.seattleu.edu/lotzc/ commandment/seattle/classes/greek_society.html). The gods assisted in the generation of all of this serenity by each playing their role, to the best of their aptitude, in the sphere.There was agod for all things in nature and each one specialized in something different. There was Zeus, who was the king of gods and the god of the sky Hera, the goddess of marriage Poseidon, the god of the sea Athena, the goddess of war, wisdom and crafts Apollo, the god of light, disposition and art Artemis, the goddess of the moon and hunting Ares, the god of war Hephaestus, the god of fire Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and love Eros, the god of lov e and desire Hades, the god of the underworld Demeter, the goddess of fetidness and crops Persephone, the goddess of the underworld Dionysus, the god of wine and ecstasy and Hermes, the divine messenger and god of travel (Ions, 7). With each god or goddess following his/her lot in the world, accord could be easily accomplished. The Greeks also believed in myths. The myths contained, along with legends of the deities, legends of heroes who were semi-divine figures. These myths are used to explain the origin of the Greeks. Eusebia could only be successful if there was reliance on old myths and cooperation between all of the gods.Greek gods and goddesses were looked upon with massive veneration and admiration. The Greek people prayed consistently requesting direction and assistance from the gods, on a daily basis. They believed that the gods would give them succor with their predicaments. They would pray for good fortune on their travels, for their familys salubrity, for passionate and genuine love, for the prolificacy of their crops, for ascendancy in hunting, for academic acquirements, for ingenuity in the arts, and for a marriage that thrives on ardor and deference. A multitude of times they would not implore anything at all, but would give thanks for the endowments bequeathed upon them. The gods acknowledged selfless and reverent acts such as this. Sacrifices were perpetually made in the direction of the gods. The Greeks conjectured that they would be compensated in their everyday lives if they made methodical sacrifices. On every egregious that a beast was slaughtered a fraction of its meat would be extended to the gods. This act was one of homage and adoration.The gods in response to the act of consideration would, in turn, favor the Greeks who made the offering. They appreciated the approbation shown to them. The gods were believed to not disdain any altruism that was bestowed upon them. They would go about this by complimenting the deferential subjec t with calm seas and light skies fortravel, by buttressing them in their conquests, and by sharing with them wisdom and intellect in times of dire need. If a god or goddess was in at least dishonored, which was an atypical incidence, he/she would denounce the impertinent being and they would live, should they survive, a damned life. Insolence could in no way, shape, or form, be advantageous to a god or person. When gods were treated with high regards and adulation the result was joviality and elation for all and sundry.The people of the Greek society perceived the gods as undying, but not everlasting. This was an imperative principle in the Greeks beliefs and had extreme repercussions on their society. The Greek deities contained human qualities even though they were deathless. This was a substantial factor in the Greek philosophy. They had m opposites, fathers, children, and early(a) relatives, just like all human beings did. These characteristics were employed to validate assoc iations of authority and administration. A god/goddesses appurtenance to rule could have been shown by expertise in combat, by collections of birthright, by guaranteeing first-rate direction and affluence, or by establishing scientific enhancements (Ions, 7). Particular god/goddesses began as solitary entities, but over time achieved interactions with other idols such as themselves. They helped each other out and aided each other in the process of keep existence. Alliances were meaningful in the acquiring of endurance. The gods feature much more supremacy than human beings did.They neglected to abide by the rules of the human civilization and they habitually altered their appearances. Unfortunately, the unfairness of these acts remained insignificant. These religious entities could not be killed or ruined by any person or thing. They could not experience physical death. It was completely and utterly impossible. Sycophancy en route for the gods machine-accessible the humans to the ir domination. They relied on the deference and immolate gifts of the Greeks. That is how they maintained longevity. The gods could not survive without people who believed in them. The Greeks, favorably, looked up to the gods. Heretofore, should the Greeks have concluded worshiping the gods, they would disintegrate. The gods were exempt from death, decay, and annihilation, but once faith was lost in them they would cease to exist.Although at times life could be perplexing, the Greek people knew that they could eternally entrust in the permanence of the gods. This remained as the one constant in their lives. During happenings of complacency people canonized these divine beings. This is due to the uncomplicated verity that these entities of holiness were amenable for this equanimity. When a Greek individual was blithe, the gods were as well. These idols remained at their sides to partake in the euphoria and to formulate or eradicate it accordingly. The gods lingered amid occasions of mediocrity. When proceedings were flowing neither precisely nor infelicitous they continued to intercede, when desired. Amongst circumstances like these, the gods premeditated schemes to accommodate their advocates. Should they be choleric at their devotees, these divinities would contrive arrangements to hinder them. Even amidst episodes of exigency and anguish, the gods would remain in attendance.They would strive to gentle the living soul of his/her distress. In the universally acknowledged epic tale, The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus relies on the aid and guidance of the gods. In The Odyssey, Odysseus voyages all over the globe. He is encountered with many another(prenominal) impediments, and the lives of his entire assemblage are relinquished. Odysseus aggregation faces their demise because they defied the gods. Odysseus, on the contrary, consulted the gods before he concocted any abstractions or took on any exploits. Consequently, the gods supported him and acted towards his be nefit. These divinities shared in times of jubilation and that of misery. The gods never forsook any allegiant adherent. All throughout their lives, the people of the Greek society depended on the gods constancy.In Greek society gods were presumed to be responsible for all affairs. An accumulation of events could be traced back to these almighty beings. They manipulated all aspects of the world to their fancy. An entirety of the occurrences befell because the gods desired them to. They had power over all things and beings. Each god was connected to a feature of nature and controlled it in conformity to his/her temperament. If a person ensnared an animal it was affirmed to be on account of the goddess Artemis. If a electric storm transpired it was because Zeus willed it. If the amnionic fluid were either calm or turbulent it was due to Poseidon. In The Odyssey, the godswere answerable for the adventures that Odysseus commenced. On his expedition, Odysseus confronted abundant bothera tions. This was due to the unembellished actuality that the gods were exasperated. Poseidon made the waters violent and Zeus caused there to be rain, thunder, and lightening in the sky.This caused Odysseus to lose his way and it lengthened his voyage by copious years. Thus, if a god/goddess was tumultuous, contraband and damaging circumstances would eventuate. Contrastively, if a god/goddess was exultant, congenial and propitious events would be consequent. These absolute beings were also authoritative for minor occurrences. For instance, if a person fell in love it was because of Aphrodite and her son Eros. If crops were fertile or infertile it was due to Demeter. Also, if a person is intelligent and artistic or slow and unoriginal it was because Apollo saw it fit. The gods maneuvered the world to fit their liking. They had ultimate control over all aspects of the universe, including nature. If these all-powerful entities wanted something to arise, it would. The Greek gods were pr edicated to be accountable for every occasion.The gods and goddesses played an extensively momentous part in the Greek society. The Greeks based their days on religion, and the gods, in accordance. These holy entities were conceived as being immaculate and were conducted with illimitable obeisance. They were also viewed as indestructible, but not amaranthine. The Greeks knew that they could invariably confide in the constancy of the gods throughout all times, pleasant or poor. The gods were also credited by the Greeks to be answerable for all incidences. Throughout the absoluteness of the Greeks lives the gods endured as the cardinal principle of subsistence. People looked up to the gods for guidance during episodes of anguish, as well as beatitude.They set up the ideology for the existence of man. These omnipotent beings were praised during all events. The primary intention of life, for most people, is to be as superlative as possible, as well as following the creed of the gods. T he Greek gods played a great role within the Greek religion and mindset. Gods and religion governed the choices that people made and how they lived their lives. let people differ about their answers to the great mysteries of the Universe. Let each seek ones own way to the highest, to ones own sense of supreme loyalty in life, ones ideal of life.

Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK

AbstractThis dissertation identifies the cistrons that contribute to a genial wellness problem ( emboss ment) among early days women 15 to 25 of age in the UK. The writings fol hapless-up revealed that the new-made women aged 15 to 25 be exposed to the take a chance of macrocosm dispirited as a result of the interplay surrounded by biologic and environ psychogenic eventors. Furthermore, the range of depressive disorder were found to be higher in the women creation comp ard to men. The study alike reveals that depressive disorder in the young women of this age angle bracket has negative effects on their family and friends. Although the family members and friends argon al sorts uncoerced to help their loved ones re get over from mental health problems they ar prevented from doing so be brace of their lack of intimacy and skills in handling depressive disorder. As a result, impression ends up disrupting the relationship in the midst of the patients and their loved ones who equally end up being di latent hostilityed as well. The findings reveal that the organization should development the funding on its programs and consistently review the performance of the policies in order to correct any mistakes in cartridge clip.IntroductionThe chief(prenominal) purpose of this study is to review literature on the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 in the UK. The study will seek the doctor of the patients condition on the family members and friends, and evaluate the effectiveness of the various initiatives to backup young women with depression. The study carries out an extensive review of academic articles and will access all available data to discuss the research objectives. Additionally, it will perform an appraisal of the findings and results obtained from related literatures. Thereafter, a conclusion will be provided on all issues deliberated in the study, and then a recommendation will be given for the public education and possibly for future mental health research project among young women in the United nation.Background and Rationale for the studyThe World Health Organization (WHO) defined mental health as a state of eudaemonia in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, freighter cope with the mean(prenominal) stresses of deportment, can work productively and is able to bring out a contribution to his or her community, whilst, mental problems or illness refers to conditions that travel cognition, emotion, and behaviour for example, schizophrenia, depression, and autism (Manderscheid et al, 2010). Women are more likely to suffer from depression compared to men. Brady (2013) confirmed that the investigating of national mental health surveys comport shown that psychological disorders are 20% to 40% likely to occur in women than men. Walsh (2009) holds that this disparity is due to many a(prenominal) elements, as studies watch given a number of factors devour be en responsible for the ca usance of mental health problems among women in the UK few of the influences include the increasing responsibility of women playing multiple eccentrics in the society, such as safekeepingers, homemakers and breadwinners. Seeman (2006) stated that the care giving role of women, which sometimes extends to spouses, children and the elderly, may induce increased stress and possibly subject mental health problems. Likewise, the associated issues of pregnancy and child-bearing are an additional consideration responsible for a high rate of mental health problems among women (Kidd et al, 2013). Ussher (2010) notes that the issue of domesticated violence is as well a contributing factor because women hurt depression or mental health problems because they have been subjected to domestic violence. These women sometimes find it tight to go for counseling as a confidential and safe means by which they can outlet their feelings. There are rattling few studies that have identified the relationship between mental health problems among young women and depression this supports studies that have linked stress as a catalyst responsible for mental health problems amongst young women (Pratt et al 2012). Weich (2004) confirmed that some UK based studies have reported an excess in the prevalence of the most common mental disorders of disquiet and depression. The cost of treating depression and new(prenominal) mental problems is a big fiscal burden to the government. The Centre for mental Health (2010) concluded that mental problems have not only a human and social cost, but also an economic one, with wider costs in England amounting to ?105 billion a year. Rosenfeld (2009) asserts that truly few studies have focused on the causes of depression among young women in the age group of 15-25. Most studies focus on depression on women, men, or adolescents without necessarily change down to young women (Rosenfeld, 2009). The rationale for this study is to identify the causes of depression among the young women aged 15-25, evaluate the effects of depression on the family members and friends, explore the government insurance and interventions and then offer recommendations on how to protect the young women from depression. The study of depression in young women is important because the depression suffered at this age group has a direct effect on the future lives of these women (Thomas et al 2008). It is thitherfore important to look into ways of protecting them against depression because this will not only preserve the government money that is currently being used on treatment but also ensure that the young women enter the advance(prenominal) adulthood leg with a strong mental ability. To the healthcare profession, this study will be helpful in the treatment of depression by dint of making maximum use of preventive measures and formulating a basis for further research on ways of reducing the pass judgment of depression amon g women aged 15-25.Aims and ObjectivesThe primary aim of this project is to review literature on the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 in the United Kingdom. The objectives of the study are as follows To identify and look the risk of infection factors responsible for depression as a mental health problem among young women aged 15 to 25 in the UK. To examine the impact of depression on the family and friends of the cast down persons To investigate ggovernment initiatives that support young women with depressionEthicsThis study addressed ethical and anti- oppressive issues that relate to research and practice. It adhered to all the ethical principles that sharpen the use of secondary data. The review was conducted with an interest of finding ways of meliorate the lives of young people with depression through evaluating ways of reducing the causative agents and providing care for the already depressed population. The findings are meant to benefi t both(prenominal) the depressed young people and form a basis for future research.Literature ReviewMethodsThis review followed an inclusion body and exclusion criteria in determining which articles and books to review and which ones to ignore based on the relevance of their content to this dissertation. The journal articles were chosen from EbSCOhost, BNI, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, government published documents and insurance. Simple electronic database search was then done using the key words as a guiding criterion. either the journals and books were screened by reading the titles, abstract and in some cases full text in deciding which ones were suitable for this research. The key words for the search were mental illness, young women, depression, and government policies to address depression. The database search depended on wildcards and keywords in looking for information in the abstracts, title, subject heading, and full text. The words were used separately and then in combina tion to ensure that as many relevant articles are reviewed. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles and booksThe method for selecting articles made use of the inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that the search generated the outdo possible articles and books. The inclusion criteria targeted the articles that cover prevalence of depression among women, early adulthood, policy intervention in the United Kingdom, peer reviewed and possible methods of dealing with depression. The exclusion criteria on the other hand include the articles and books published prior to 2001, generalized the youth without separating young women from women, only included children under the age of 15, focused on bipolar mood disorder, studies with small warning sizes (less than 50), and those involving non representative samples like the social minorities.ResultsA total of 100 citations were considered for the research, out of which 30 duplicate citations were filtered out. The remaining 70 citations were then screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria outline above. 50 articles were retained for inclusion and the other 20 were excluded from the study. Therefore, this review is based on a sample of 50 citations. The details of the review are availed in the subsequent sections of this literature review. The articles were then grouped into those that cover the general correlates of and prevalence of depression, those that cover young women below the age of 30, and finally those that cover young women salve under the care of their parents. Among the 50 citations considered for review, only a small percentage was longitudinal by design. The samples had different sample sizes with the least having 50 and the most having 20,000 participants. oecumenic correlates and prevalence of depressionThe findings of this review reveal that in the cases where the articles made comparisons between the males and females, women were more likely to be affected by depression c ompared to the males. Out of the 10 articles that compared the two sexes only three posted a different result. The three articles did not find any significant differences in the prevalence rates between young men and young women. The other seven articles all concluded that women are more vulnerable to depression than men. The prevalence rates ranged from as low as 4.3% to a high of 49%. Factors that contribute to depression among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UKLundt (2004, p. 67) claims that in addition to women having higher rates of depression than men, many features of depression differ for women when compared to men. These differences include factors like the likelihood of occurrence, risk factors and the symptoms of depression. This literature review reveals an overwhelming support for a multidimensional personate of the risk factors for depression in women with a complex relationship being exhibited between life stress, social, biologic, sex role socialization and deve lopmental factors. Hales (2008, p. 33) asserts that currently, the exact neurophysiological mechanisms surrounding depression have not yet been identified although stress appears to play a crucial role in the onset of depressive episodes particular at the initial stages. While the conventional perception of depression supports biopsychosocial model of risk factors, more contemporary conceptualizations and research emphasize on the impact of the sex role socialization (Thomas, et al 2008, p. 41). The societal gender expectations have a direct influence on how to deal with depression. The women who are forced to adopt female roles that are more stereotyped oft experience more depression compared to the ones that are not exposed to such hostile environments. Ussher (2010, p. 13) also adds that women are also more likely to make complex inferences and engage in more ruminative self-focus and this may maintain or even aggravate depression. Walsh (2009, p. 66) notes that there is no sin gle theory explaining the gender differences in depression. In fact the different rates of depression are as a result of multidimensional and synergetic issues that are functions of idiographic factors. Rosenfeld (2009, p. 76) supports this further by asserting that integrative biopsychosocial theories of depression have been espoused by many different theories. They note that there are tailfin study categories of risk factors which are Biological, Life stress, Sex role socialization, societal/Social and Developmental The interactive model of risk factors is an expansion of the Worrel and Remmer (1992) model (White, & Groh, 2007, p. 65). All the five factors are discussed in discrete sections below for purposes of clarity although in reality most of these factors are interrelated and involve more than one factor at a time. It is for this reason then that some factors will appear in more than one section.Biological FactorsIn the past, most scholars held the assumption that there w ere two subtypes of depressions, neurotic and endogenous (Stahl et al. 2003, p. 56). The endogenous depressions were believed to be driven by purely biological factors whereas the neurotic depressions were thought to be functions of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. However, more new research shows that very few depressions are purely biological and there is a general consensus that most depressions have a biopsychosocial basis (Savoie et al 2004, p. 29) Although genetic science play a significant role in unipolar depression, heredity is not an important factor as it is in bipolar depression. slump affects women passim their lives and it is caused by a combination of different factors that range from hormonal, pregnancy, postnatal to biological factors (Paxton, & Robinson, 2008, p. 16). At a later stage in life women may also suffer from depression caused by menopause. These are the factors that make women more vulnerable to depression than men. Additionally, women are mor e likely to be diagnosed with depression in their early lives than men. Nimrod (2012, p. 43) found that females bring forth experiencing depression in their early adolescence. The study highlights that depression can occur in the young women and puberty increases the risk. This assertion was supported by Greenblatt (2011, p. 45) who claims that the depression in women mostly starts at puberty. The hormonal levels at puberty are a major cause of depression in young women. The changes in oestrogen and androgen are more responsible for the depression than puberty itself. Hales (2009, p. 77) asserts that this view is consistent with the fact that depression can be as a result of hormonal changes that are related to the reproductive system of women. This is particularly evident in the young women who often complain of both aroused and bodily premenstrual symptoms. The young women may also suffer depression during pregnancy. Erlandsson and Eklund (2006, p. 32) claim that while pregnanc y does not necessarily cause depression, fraught(p) women who have a history of depression are more likely to suffer relapses because of their reluctance to use antidepressant medication. This thought is supported by Castle et al (2006, p. 61) as they highlight the implications of managing and treating depression in women. Their research revealed that although many women are often reluctant to take medication during pregnancy, the effectiveness of using antidepressants outweighs the consequences of untreated depression on both the child and the cleaning lady. As such, their research outlines the importance of the role of nurses, health visitors, general practitioners, mental health practitioners and the other health professionals in educating the young pregnant women and their families. Additionally, the research also highlights the importance of taking the risks of managing and treating depression during pregnancy into consideration as well as empowering the young women to make de cisions based on the best guidelines and available evidence. However, every pregnant woman must be considered differently and individually because there are many factors that influence their decisions on whether to use the antidepressants or not. Sleath et al (2005, p. 47) say that additional information is required by both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and that all medical practitioners must always weigh up the different treatment options available as well as the wishes of the patient before making any decisions. In fact this is the reason why Pestello & Davis-Berman (2008, p. 15) asserts that current advice must be provided based on evidence based practice and practice guidelines. Mirowsky and Ross (2003, p. 55) claim that there is often an increased risk of depression after childbirth because of the hormonal changes in the postnatal layover. During this time, there is often an influx of other factors like breast feeding that may influence a young woman not to use antidepressants. Although infertility does not lead to depression, the young women struggling with infertility may be susceptible to depression. In fact Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, & Stahl (2005, p. 37) claim that depression may play a role in infertility. Some studies indicate a coercive correlation between depression symptoms prior to attempting to conceive and infertility. However, the inability to conceive may lead to depression which may in turn affect the probability of being able to conceive (Ravindran, et al 2002, p. 99). Several other medical conditions like anemia, AIDS, Addisons disease, cancer, diabetes, infectious hepatitis, influenza, systemic lupus, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, mononucleosis, and Cushings disease can cause symptoms of depression in young women (Pratt, et al. 2012, p. 21). Furthermore, other medical conditions like heart disease, asthma and hypoglycemia can equally cause anxiety li ke symptoms. Lazear et al (2008, p. 30) claims that there is a positive correlation between depression and coronary heart disease. Depression occurs with a high rate mostly after coronary heart disease. In fact recent research indicates that depression is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and a predictor of poor outcome (Eklund, Erlandsson, & Persson, 2003, p. 48).Life stress factorsHales (2012, p.50) claims that certain types of stressful life events eventually lead to depression in most young women. One of the possible reasons for the intermittent nature of depression is explained by the kindling hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the strength of the association between stressful life events and depressive onsets decrease with an increase in the number of episodes (Eklund et al 2010, p. 82). It is the unspecified changes that take conduct during the repressive episodes either through learning or brain changes rather than the stressful life events that kindle future episodes. Erlandsson and Eklund (2003, p. 68) note that in people with recurrent depressions, the relationship between stress and depression declines progressively through approximately nine episodes and then stabilises through the future episodes. The stress diathesis theories of depression indicate that depression results from the way an individual interprets the life stressful events (Castle, Kulkarni, & Abel, 2006, p. 51). Hopelessness depression is a stress diathesis theory whereby an attributional style interacts with the negative style events to generate specific subtype of depression with symptoms of sadness, loss of motivation and suicidal ideation. In the context of this model, the internal factors (an attributional style) interact with the external factors (negative life events) to produce depression in the young women. Therefore, stress in womens lives has a direct impact on the levels of depressions. Caretaking and parenting demands on women often confer an increased r isk for depression. Young women with children are particularly vulnerable especially for those that do not work outside the home (Duncan, 2004, p. 58). In fact, the more children in the house the more depression are reported. The responsibility of caring for the aging parents is often left to the adult daughters, which in turn increases their vulnerability to depression. Women seem to be more vulnerable to the negative effects of interpersonal relationships (McLeod & McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women in unhappy hymenealss are three times more likely to be depressed than the single ones or men (McLeod & McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women are more vulnerable to interpersonal violence than men are, and depression is a function of interpersonal violence (Beck, & Alford, 2009, p. 77). Depression can occur because of psychological and neurological changes caused by the interpersonal combat injurys. Smith & Elliott (2010, p. 44) claim there is a positive correlation between women with histories of ch ildhood sexual and physical abuse and reversed neurovegatative depressive symptoms such as weight gain, increased appetite and hypersomnia, which suggests extraordinary biological processes in trauma related depressions. Depression may also occur because of the effects of brain injuries suffered by battered women (Thomas, et al. 2008, p. 49).Sex Role culture FactorsCertain types of uninspired female personality traits as well as the gender role socialisation often contribute to the vulnerability of young women to depression. Weiten (2010, p. 37) claims that women with stereotypical beliefs on the gender roles of women and higher scores of measures of femininity are more vulnerable to depression. Furthermore, gender related personality traits like instrumentality are positively correlated to depression. The same is also true for socially influenced stereotypical female personality traits like dependency and passivity, which are conceptualised as mild manifestations of depression ( Gotlib & Hammen, 2010, p. 22).Societal / Social factorsWomen are more likely to face lowered social status in work roles, family roles and community roles. Despite the gains, women have made both economically and socially, inequality between the sexes continues to persist in the society (Kittleson & Denkmire, 2005, p. 09). The reinforcement deficit theory postulated by Worrell and Remer (1992) indicates that depression is related to an unfavourable ratio between positive and negative person environment outcomes (Pettit & Joiner, 2005, p. 64). The low rate of positive outcomes is assumed to be caused by the increase in passive behaviour and upset mood as the young women feel incapable of attaining personal goals leading to eventual withdrawal and despair. The inequity in family decision-making and access to family finance can cause women to feel powerless and unimportant, precursors to depression. Kantor (2007, p. 18) asserts that poverty is a pathway to depression. The majority of the people living in poverty in the United Kingdom are women and children. hellgrammiate and Dozois (2008, p. 13) note that 10% of new cases of major depression are caused by poverty. The same is supported by Diamond (2005, p. 73) who hypothesises that depression is a function of financial weighed downships and poverty. Although gender differences in rates of depression do not differ by culture, the ethnic minority women and lesbians are at a higher risk because of the complexity and number of risks that they face on daily basis (Friedman, & Anderson, 2010, p. 63). The ethnic minority young women are more likely to be subjected to different socioeconomic factors for depression like ethnic/ racial discrimination, segregation into low status and high-risk jobs, lower educational and income levels, unemployment, single parenthood, poor health, marital dissolution and larger family sizes. Greenblatt (2011, p. 31) adds that being a member of a non-dominant group can also lead to exper iences of discrimination and oppression, which are risk factors. Additionally, intragroup and intergroup racism are also stressors that lead to poor health and psychological distress. Cultural role prescriptions for some ethnic minority women may at times lead to depression. For instance, for the Asian and British Indian women, the cultural norms of deference, passivity and courtesy may result in difficulties in self-assertion especially regarding issues of power consequently resulting in depression. Experiences of migration for any ethnic minority group may result in lack of social support, cultural conflicts, identity confusion, cultural adjustments, and feelings of powerlessness and diminished social status.Developmental FactorsGerrity et al (2001, p. 48) point out that prior developmental experience have a direct influence on the adult susceptibility to depression. This is particularly true for the individuals who have a history of neglect, abuse and parental loss as well as tho se that were brought up by depressed mothers. Additionally, the subsequent developmental transitions and the accompanying stressors increase the vulnerability of young women to depression. The developmental pathway of women often contain five major key points that begin when they start showing increased rates of depression in adolescence, continuing to the transitions on young adulthood, midlife and old age. Ussher (2010, p. 77) asserts that each of these transitions is accompanied by gainsays and stresses. The intensity of these factors varies depending on the unique personality of an individual, social contexts, familial and social support, and life circumstances. One such interactive model indicates that girls arrive at the adolescence stage with more pre-existing factors than boys do and these factors interact with social and biological changes of adolescence, which then extend into adulthood (Peacock & Casey 2000, p. 74). The young women in the age bracket of 15 to 25 are in t he period of young adulthood. This period is a time of potential stress and strain for them because it is a time when they must make important interpersonal and vocational life choices that include decisions related to marriage and motherhood (White & Groh, 2007, p. 17). The young mothers with children at home face higher risks of depression. Epidemiological data indicates that the mid to late 20s is the age at which women start experiencing depression because of the many decisions that they have to make (Stahl, et al 2003, p. 94). In the period of transition to adulthood, the women that were exposed to childhood adversities are more likely to be depressed compared to the ones that did not go through such terrible childhoods. The mid 20s is the first time a woman must face the sharp realities of life in the context of the dreams and visions mapped out in the adolescence period. The discovery that adulthood is not as she expected often thrusts most women into despair and confusion. The fact that the young women are facing the contests and stresses of adulthood for the first time in their lives makes them feel unprepared as the demands of adult life are at times very overwhelming (Ferentinos, et al. 2011,p. 63). These stresses make the young adult women vulnerable to psychological distress, particularly depression.Effects of depression on family and friends of the patientsWeiten (2010) says that when a young woman gets depression, it does not affect her alone as it also has gross effects on their parents, siblings, friends and the whole family. All the people close to the individuals suffering from depression often get passing worried about the patients. Beck and Alford (2009) claim that the worst part of it is that in most cases these people do not have the familiarity and skills to help the patients. This worsens the situation for the patients, as they feel helpless and in so doing adding more misery to the parents, siblings and close friends. Dobson and D ozois (2008) assert that the family members and friends get worried on the possibility of the young depressed women contemplating suicide because of their unstable conditions. In as much as they are always willing to help these young depressed women get back to the normal swing of things, the ways of doing it makes the whole thought a mirage. Therefore, they end up being very focused on them, always worrying for them and having difficult time connecting with the depressed young women because depression inhibits their ability to interact with other people. Depression hurts the young women both mentally and physically inhibiting their ability to work and function. The people who have affection for the young girls are often hurt by the experiences of their loved ones (Thomas et al 2008). Unlike the other physical illnesses, depression is not easily circumpolar to people without prior experience. In fact, many people have no idea of its causes or treatment (Sleath et al 2005). The inta ngibility of the illness makes it very hard for the family and friends who are not able to feel or see the intensity of the suffering. Some family members and friends even deny the existence of depression because of the confusing nature of the illness. Castle, Kulkarni, & Abel (2006) claim that some family members and friends consider depression as a sign of personal weakness, while others often end up fighting alongside their depressed friends and family members. These withal cases are both extreme and cause grief especially because the depressed young girls feel frustrated, misunderstood or overstretched to recover quickly. Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, and Stahl (2005) say that the symptoms of depression are very difficult to interpret. The young girls often get withdrawn and have little energy to perform ordinary daily tasks. Unfortunately, this is at times misinterpreted by the other family members as a lack of effort in helping in the daily house chores. Evaluation of initiatives f or tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UKThe purpose of this part of the dissertation is threefoldMake reference to some policies that touch on mental health of young women in the United Kingdom Highlight some of the progress made by the government in helping the young people suffering from mental health problems Identify the weaknesses and gaps in the policy and support and what should be done to improve their effectiveness. Owing to the large number of government policies on the young people, this dissertation will be highly selective in approach.INITIATIVESThe interior(a) Service Framework for children, young people and maternity dos policy contains the 11 standards that contribute to the mental well being of the young people. In 2007, the government developed the National Indicator Set to enable the central government manage the performance of the local government. These indicators were as follows NI50, which monitors the ruttish health of the childre n and young people NI51 to monitor the effectiveness of government policy. The Children and Young People in Mind (CAMHS) made recommendations that highlight the role of all ordinary services like the police and midwives in promoting the mental health of children and young people. The government implemented two of its recommendations through the creation of National Advisory Council (NAC) and National CAMHS Support Service (NCSS). The role of the NAC is to hold the government accountable in ensuring that all the recommendations are met. The NCSS, on the other hand, was charged with the role of continually improving and sustaining service delivery. The red-hot Horizons (2009) made mental health the responsibility of everyone. It required all the government departments to work as a team in the bar of mental health problems and develop resilience in the households. It paid special attention to the need of improving transition from adolescence to adulthood and emphasised the importanc e of saloon of mental illnesses. In 2010, the Keeping Children and Young People in Mind applauded the need for the government to invest in the mental health and emotional well-being of the children and young people.The Progress MadeThe investment in CAMHS led to increased advocacy in building resilience, early intervention, general well being and the called for support from families. As a result, there was an increase in the number of professional staff to offer services to the young people (Ferentinos et al 2011). However, the progress was laggard for the 16 and 17 year olds as evidenced by the increased number of young people of this age spending time in psychiatrical hospitals. This implies that comprehensive implementation of CAMHS is not easy and will require more time and commitment from all the stakeholders. The Mental Health Promotion Driving insurance in the New Horizons is performing well although it is mainly adult focused which places the young women at an increased r isk of being lost in the big agenda.The Challenges and RecommendationsMost of the government policies on young people are properly aspirational although turning them into reality on the ground remains the biggest challenge. The process of implementation is very critical as it underlines the efficiency of the policies. It will be impossible to realise the vision of these policies without total commitment and consistent long term funding. This is why it is advisable for the government to look into ways of ensuring better management and leadership to ensure that these services reach the people as envisaged in the policies. Presently, there is still a gap in the logic on the empowerment of people, families and communities on taking care of mental health (Castle, Kulkarni, & Abel, 2006). Many people have gone through the process of intervention but the real solution lies on empowering individuals with the skills, knowledge and resources to deal with mental health challenges on their ow n. Helping the young women with self-awareness, social and emotional skills, and foster knowledge will help them take the responsibility for their mental health and emotional well-being.ConclusionThis dissertation has identified the factors that contribute to a mental health problem (depression) among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UK. The secondary research also assessed the effects of the condition on the family and friends of the patients and then evaluated the policy and support for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UK. The extensive review of academic articles and books revealed that the young women aged 15 to 25 are exposed to the risk of being depressed as a result of the interplay between biological and environmental factors. Furthermore, the rates of depression were found to be higher in the women population compared to men. The study also revealed that depression in the young women of this age bracket has negative effects on their family and friends. The worst part of it is that the family and friends are always willing to help their loved ones recover from mental health problems but are prevented from doing so because of their lack of knowledge and skills in handling depression. As a result, depression ends up disrupting the relationship between the patients and their loved ones who equally end up being distressed as well. The government has enacted many policies to contain mental health problems in the country, however there are still challenges as highlighted in the discussion. These policies although aspirational, still need more commitment in terms of funding, leadership and management for them to have their intended impact in the country.RecommendationsThe policies for helping the young girls aged 15 to 25 have already been identified and enacted by the government. The only challenge remaining is the implementation process, which is proving to be difficult as evidenced by the high number of young girls spending th eir time in the psychiatric hospitals. This can be addressed through increasing the amount of funds allocated to the project. This increase will enable the government to reach more people and empower them with the knowledge and skills on how to handle mental illnesses. As already outlined, the family members and friends are always willing to help the depressed young women but then they lack the essential knowledge and skills. Equipping these people with the knowledge and skills will be helpful in reducing the rates of depression among young women aged 15 to 25 because they have a close contact and better understanding of their loved ones. Additionally, consistent evaluation and assessment of the policies will also be helpful to the government in terms of identifying new ways of helping the young girls.Limitations of the studyThe study was only reliant on secondary data as the researcher was not able to interact directly with the respondents. This implies that the errors that may ha ve been made by the secondary data could have been replicated in the outcomes of this study. Secondly, very few policies are tailored for this particular age group so the policies used were those overlapping between late adolescence and early adulthood. 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Counseling African Americans Essay

Sue and Sues Chapter 14 Counseling Afri preempt Americans spends a great deal of effort exploring cultural particulars and corresponding clinical implications while working with African Americans factors such as family dynamics, educational orientation, spirituality, and the pressures and mark of racism and marginalization. This offered me perspective through a lens much broader than my own somewhat narrow, predominantly white, and fairly privileged way of relating to the world. Before understanding cultur whollyy appropriate interventions, one must have an understanding of the cultural context or the cultural word of an individual.For me, this first means that differences must be noted, either literally in family with the African American leaf node or simply as a clinical observation I make on my own. Of runway the difference in the two will depend on the client, context, and habitual relevancy in the mo manpowert. In my own flummox, noting racial difference aloud with a cli ent has been most helpful in that it gives permission for the potentially taboo topic of race and differences to be considered, brought into the space at a later time, and stock-still into the forefront of consciousness.Apart from the explicit healing(p) relationship, noting difference is a personal reminder that I am no expert on anyones experience but my own, I may make mistakes (and probably will), I should steer clear of assumptions, its ok to be curious, and to do my homework. Once a general understanding of differences is established, then one can begin to consider appropriate therapeutic interventions. Lets take the issue of racism and discrimination the spin-off of these atrocities oftentimes manifests as defense and survival mechanisms in Black Americans.Which can lead to a general mistrust or as its tell (by Sue and Sue) a healthy cultural paranoia, as a way of coping. This mistrust can be of individuals, entire races of people, the govern handst, social service provid ers With this in mind, its important to determine what the clients feelings and understandings about therapy are. To touch base and explain what kind of therapy I engage in, how it can be helpful to them, and what can be expected of our time together. Hopefully this will help to assuage uneasy feelings of fear of the unknown or mistrust, as well as adapt up a foundation for a healthy therapeutic compact.Although Sue and Sues Afrocentric perspective can be helpful it can as well as simultaneously be viewed as reductive. Its important not to discount individual differences by universalizing traits of African Americans. Self cannot be defined as a unitary concept evolving from a single defining variable, such as race or gender (Williams, 1999). For instance, not all women are nurturing, caring, and relational. Similarly, not all African Americans possess an African ethos of communalism or spirituality. Race, class, sexual orientation, and gender are all complex interactive component s that make up the self-importance.To approach a client through the lens of only one of these variables, means potentially silencing a central component of their identity. Additionally, it is also necessary to consider an internal state without see to the social demands of each variable. Collectively, these considerations can aide to a more holistic view when working with African American clients. Part Two After disbursal a year in practicum at the SF county lock away, I feel as though Ive had a fairly decent introduction to working with African American fe manfuls.When I began practicum I had had very little training in diversity or cross-cultural counseling. Turns out that a year in the jail was one large training in diversity and cross-cultural counseling Now Im able to pin my personal experience against the cultures and gauge my success as a culturally competent therapist. When assessing my strengths, I find that I possess a keen and tremendously empathic understanding of h ow the stress of racism, sexism, and oppression can manifest in African American women. Oftentimes the byproduct of this stress is what brings the individual to jail.As a clinician, I can confidently say that I am able to enter the therapeutic relationship with a greater capacity for empathy because of this understanding and build a strong alliance as an ally as well as a therapist. Im not afraid to make mistakes and have no attachment to be right these qualities will only support me as a clinician. In addition, my upfront demeanor and willingness to self-disclose have had a remarkable impact on the therapeutic relationship. My empathy is strongly with women and their plight of identifying and addressing all the isms that stand between them and equality, wholeness, and health.Frequently, those isms are at the hands of men and I certainly have a bias towards this, and towards men in general. Its no accident that I spent an entire year of practicum working solely with women although it wasnt a conscious choice, I believe on some level I chose not to work with men. I have incredible biases towards men as perpetrators and oppressors and men and their privilege, African American men as well as Caucasian. These biases keep me terrified at the thought of working with male clients. I imagine heaps and heaps of countertransference between male clients and myself countertransference that is full of pain and rage.Im not sure that I have much to offer men inside the therapeutic space. I come int believe this to be my final answer, I just know that I have some work to do around my relationship with men before I make the leap of working with them in such sacred space. Essentially, it all comes down to two core qualities- and they are unimportance and flexibility humility in all that I think I know and the flexibility to shift or discard that association. My experience of working with, knowing, and reading about African American culture, difference, and oppression may or may not serve me as a therapist at any stipulation moment.What works for and makes sense in the context of Client A, may not be so for Client B, and vise versa. Although it is crucial to have fundamental knowledge of the legacy of oppression against African American people and to consider factors such as interdependence, collectivism, and emotional vitality as presumed long- standing black personality traits, I must also be able to draw connections between those factors and the individual experience- much like the womanist techniques mentioned in Carmen Braun Williams article African American Women, Afrocentrism and womens lib Implications for Therapy.As a therapist, I am responsible for guiding and supporting the client in making the shift from object to subject transferring ownership of self from one whose self is externally determined to one who is self- determining (Freire, 1990). And practice practice practice, with an open heart, ears, and mind. References Braun Williams, C . (1999). African American women, afrocentrism and feminism Implications for therapy. Women & Therapy, Vol. 22(4) 1999. Freire, P. (1990). Pedagogy of the oppressed. tender York Continuum. Sue, D. & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse Theory and practice, Chapter 14.

Chinese Water Scarcity

Abstract In my opinion, china is threatened by the strong weewee scarcity bother right now. withstand to this, I will try to design a best way which is competent for China to solve this issue by comparing and contrasting distinct countries methods. I cause collected slightly background information from the internet and extracted the main idea into a form. After analyzing it, I have reached a cobblers last that reducing the factories which argon creating pollutant into the rivers or lakes by establishing a special legal system is the most suitable way for China. This is a convenient and long-lasting project. 1. IntroductionTable 1. 0 Solution to solve water supply scarcity Water supply Water guide Increase water supply Same Decrease water demand Same v both v The purpose of the research is to find the information active water scarcity and to advance the water scarcity chore in China. I choose to increase the water supply as my original antecedent, and I have d evelped a creative solution based on the original one.As a result, the thesis of my research is to reduce the polluted water which comes from the factories is a effective way to improve the unobjectionable water scarcity. Aquatic ecosystems veil about 70 percent of the hides surface. There are many kinds of animal life in the aquatic systems including microscopic zooplankton and all sizes of marine mammals. (eHow ND) 2. 0 methodological analysis China is now facing increasingly severe water scarcity problem, especially in the northern part of China. The character of Chinas water scarcity is the lack of local water resources and the water quality which is decreasing because of the water contamination. Jiang 2009) Due to the increasing population and the developing of many big cities in China, Chinese presidential term must take action as soon as possible to improve the situation although it is a long-term task. In my opinion, the easiest way to improve this problem in a relativ ely short time is to establish a certain policy system so that the factories which create a lot of pollution can be reduced. This method can similarly save a lot of time and money. All that Chinese government has to do is just check if the local government is avocation the rules.There are some(a)(prenominal) data sources such as the internet, textbooks of science from last semester, and I will as well as collect some information and experience from other countries methods so that I can compare them in disparate situation to find the most effective way. The data that I have collected has service of processed me a lot to analyze the problem. This includes other countries methods to solve the issue. Then I compare them all to try to figure out which way is the most suitable for the situation in China. To sum up, the information that I got from several ways is really useful for me. 3. Findings Table 2. Three main fresh water issues in China Description Current plans Issue 1 Was tewater pollution Wastewater improvement project Issue 2 taint of fresh water lakes Ge help from Asian Development Bank Issue 3 Uneven distribution of fresh water South-to-north water entertainment project Here are three main fresh water issues in China. First is about the wastewater pollution in China.For example, Tianjin is the third largest industrial city in China. However, the whole citys drainage system and its wastewater treatment are far behind its industrial development. In post to deal with the problem, Tianjin Municipal Government has introduced a waste water improvement project, the World Bank also provide some help for them. Also, Chao Lake is one of the quintuple largest lakes in China which locates in Shanghai, is also damaged because of the rapid development of industry and urban areas. The Shanghai government is also try to get help from the Asian Development Bank. Min ND) Second issue is the uneven distribution of fresh water. South areas in China is facing the threaten of floods, however, there is not tolerable rainfall in north areas. The Chinese government has started a great project called south-to-north water diversion project since 2004. For more information about this project, see This project is still lasting until now. I believe that it will works very well to solve this problem. The third issue is about water pollution. Even in the places where the fresh water is rich, water pollution is also decreasing the fresh water supply.So the environmentalists are trying to reduce the factories which produce a lot of wastewater into the freshwater lakes. This work would be a long-lasting project for the whole hoidenish. In my opinion, globalization has both positive and negative impacts for the water scarcity in China. First, Chinese government can get a lot of help from other countries after globalization. As I said, Tianjin and Shanghai have already got financial help from some global banks. We can also absorb other countries exper iences and methods to improve the water scarcity issues. However, there are also several disadvantages.Some international companies would start their municipal companies in other countries. Such small companies are usually factories which would create a lot of pollution into the seas or lakes. This kind of factories harms the environment a lot. Also, globalization may have bad impacts on the developing countries such as China. This is because that we are not strong enough to prevent the risks from happening. 4. 0 Discussion America also has water scarcity problem. For example, the Lake Mead, which supplies water for about 22 million people, will be dry by 2021.Also, the water from Colorado River may soon be compelled to cease pumping water to other places because of its water scarcity. The main reason for this is the global warming is fastening the urge on of water evaporation. The American environmentalists suggest that they can dig ponds or underwater receptacles. Fortunately, t his low-tech method has already helped the farmers in China. (Snyder, ND) India is also a typical country which has very drastic water scarcity problem. This issue even has a negative impact on the whole countrys food credential because the farmers do not have enough water to irrigate the farmland.India is a developing country however, the water scarcity limits the development of agriculture. The geological environment of India includes desert, plain, and tundra, so the climate changes very fast, this situation only makes the problem worse. So the Indian government starts to use a kind of special irrigation method, drip irrigation, and it is trying to improve the water management system. (Chatterjee ND) According to the findings, I have got a conclusion that the methods to solve fresh water issues depend on different situations in different countries.So, because China is a developing country, the industry and agriculture needs to be improved, reducing the factories which are produc ing pollutant can not only improve the environment, but also provide more space for other companies to develop. As I have mentioned, Chinese government has already made a plan to solve those issues above. In my opinion, in spite of getting help from the big banks, the government can also hire some environmentalists who have a lot of experiences to design a new drainage system for the factories.This can prevent the wastewater from flowing to the lakes or seas from its origin. I think that this research is really helpful to solve the fresh water issue. I have compared and contrast several countries which are really typical for this problem. Then I find the best way that is very suitable for China. If this plan can be adopted, I believe that it will be really effective. As I have mentioned in the introduction part, my original solution to solve the water scarcity problem is to increase water supply. Then I develped a creative solution according to the resesarch I have tidy sum on the internet.So I think that to reduce the factories which produce a lot of wastewater is a effective way to increase water supply. However, there are also several factors that can influence the findings. For example, the situations are different in different parts of China. Also, the geological environment is different. These are the aspects that I think may interfere with the findings. 5. 0 Conclusions and Recommendations There are some advantages that I think for my solution. First, this solution is the conclusion I have got after compare and contrast several different countries.It is suitable for Chinas situation. Second, this method is easy to do, it will not cost a lot of money or need a lot of people to do it. These are the reasons that I think Chinese government would adopt this solution. If the solution can be adopted, the government should make some special policies or laws to restrict the factories to prevent them from creating much pollution. Second, the government should le t some people to go to all the industrial cities to check if the factories are following the rules.Then they should check the quality of water once a month so the environmentalists can know if the situation is improving. Reference Jiang,Y (2010), Water Scarcity China, the encyclopedia of Earth , online Available at http//www. eoearth. org/article/Water_scarcity_-_China Accessed 10 March, 2013 Gast, C (ND), Definition of an aquatic ecosystem, online Available at http//www. ehow. com/about_6307480_definition-aquatic-ecosystem. html Accessed 10 March, 2013 Min, K (ND), Water Pollution in China, ScienceCentral. com, online Available at http//darwin. bio. ci. edu/sustain/suscoasts/krismin. html Accessed 10 March, 2013 Chatterjee, S, (ND), The battle of water Indias food insecurity compounded by water scarcity, online Available at http//www. trust. org/alertnet/blogs/the-battle-for-water/indias-food-insecurity-compounded-by-water-scarcity Accessed 10 March, 2013 Snyder, S, (ND), Water S carcity The U. S. connection, the Water Project, online Available at http//thewaterproject. org/water_scarcity_in_us. asp Accessed 10 March, 2013 Appendices Picture 3. 0 South-to-north water diversion project in China

Modern Adaptation of Oedipus Rex (Scene)

Oedipus Rex Adaptation Original Scene Laius meets the oracle and learns that his own tidings will kill him and marry his mother. Laius orders Jocasta to kill the baby. Jocasta hesitates and gives the baby to a servant so he could kill the baby. The servant leaves the baby to die in the sun. *A shepherd saves the baby and names him Oedipus. *optional to adapt Characters 1. King Laius / Lionel von Hudson J ard Lionel von Hudson is a wealthy and precedentful businessman. He comes from a line of elites and his family holds tremendous economic power in New York. . Queen Jocasta / Cassandra von Hudson Ravina Cassandar von Hudson is the wife of Lionel von Hudson. She also comes from a long line of elites from the Hamptons. She is unwilling to kil her first born child. Sometimes, shes also conceited and proud. 3. vaticinator / Gypsy lady Ratna A gipsy fortune teller who receives a vision and prophecy on the fate of the von Hudsons. Carries her fortune telling crystal with her. 4. hand maid / Sherry the Attendant Farah Sherry is the von Hudsons attendant who act as both driver and personal bodyguard.A religious person but also fears her employers. She believes in fate. 5. * Corinthian sheepman / plumber Jared A plumber who takes care of the sewer pipes. A person with a good heart. Setting Modern day Upper East side Manhattan, New York Scene 1 Setting Outside Lionels office building support 2 chairs (car) and a crystal ball Lionel ask his driver to pull over at the office for a meeting. Lionel Now, Sherry, the meeting will be till 2. I will be back at more or less 230. Sherry Yes Mr. Lionel. I will be here. Have a good meeting Mr. Lionel, Mdm. Cassandra.Lionel and Cassandra exit the car and walk towards the office entrance when they were stopped by a gypsy lady with a crystal ball. Gypsy Lady The couple there. Mr and Mrs von Hudson. walks over to Lionel and Cassandra Cassandra Oh Lord woman. How do you know our names. But then again, were all over the ne ws anyways. Gypsy Lady I come with news, news you must hear, regarding your child and your fate. For I see your future. You are blasted Mr. von Hudson, doomed to death by the hands of your son. And you, Mrs. on Hudson, incest be upon you for when death befalls Mr. von Hudson, you will marry your child. Lionel What nonsense. You scatterbrained gypsy. Shut your mouth and stop this rubbish. Im new-made for my meeting and youve just ruined my mood. Cassandra I shall not believe in this nonsense either. Lets go Lionel. Lets leave this foolish lady. Lionel and Cassandra walks away. Gypsy Lady shouts HEED MY WORDS VON HUDSON. FOR TRAGEDY WILL BEFALL YOU TONIGHT AND WELL SEE WHO THE FOOLISH ONE IS.Cassandra looks over her shoulder at the gypsy lady, a tinge of worry on her face. Scene 2 Setting Elevator to the von Hudsons penthouse. Props none Lionel What foolishness. That gypsy sure knows how to get on my nerves. Im still angry just thinking of her. Cassandra Lionel dear, lets not worry about her and open ourselves a bottle of bubbly tonight. A fool will be a fool. DING Elevator door opens. Lionel and Cassandra looks at their penthouse in horror and shock. Lionel What in the world could have make this? Look at our apartment.Its trashed. Cassandra Oh no. What if the Gypsy Lady was right? Lionel SHERRY? Sherry comes running in. Sherry Yes, Mr. Lionel.. looks around in horror Ill get the maintenance to clear this up. Sherry runs out. Cassandra Oh Lionel, what are we to do. She was right. Lionel We have to save ourselves Cassandra. I will leave for a business trip tomorrow. When Im back, I want the boy gone. Kill him in the first place he kills us and land you in sin. Cassandra But but hes our flesh and blood. Lionel It will be as I say. Scene 3Setting Penthouse (clean again) Props baby Cassandra on the phone Sherry, could you come up here please. DING Sherry Yes, Mdm. Cassandra? Cassandra hands Sherry the baby. Cassandra You have to do it Sherry. I can t. Sherry Do what madam? Cassandra Kill him. Before he grows up and kill Lionel. Sherry I. I cant. Cassandra You must. Cassandra covers her face and sobs. Scene 4 Setting Sewers Props baby Sherry Im dour young master. What ordeal has come upon such a tiny soul. Oh God. Why? I could not bring myself to do it.If its your fate to live, young master, then, may God send someone to save you. But if its your fate to die, let the crocodiles come to you first. Sherry leaves the baby on the ground and leaves. *optional Plumber walks in. Plumber Now, where is that broken pipe? hears babys cry, looks around and spots the baby Oh dear god. Why? To an infant soul? picks up baby You poor thing. But Im too poor. I do hope that Mr. and Mrs. Goldstein would take him? Theyve been trying to have a child for ages. looks at the baby, smiles Hello there, Alfie.